How to Protect Yourself from Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Tips for Safer Communication

Man in the middle attacks

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How to Protect Yourself from Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Tips for Safer Communication

Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks are a type of cyberattack where a malicious actor intercepts communications between two parties in order to secretly access sensitive data or inject false information. While MITM attacks can be difficult to detect, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself.

For example, always verifying the identity of the person you’re communicating with and using encrypted communication tools whenever possible. Additionally, it’s important to be aware of common signs that an attack may be happening, such as unexpected messages or requests for sensitive information.

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Man-in-the-middle attacks are one of the most common types of cyberattacks. MITM attacks can allow the attacker to gain access to sensitive information, such as passwords or financial data. Man-in-the-middle attacks can be very difficult to detect, but there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. First, be aware of the warning signs of a man-in-the-middle attack. These include:

– unexpected changes in login pages,

– unexpected requests for personal information,

– and unusual account activity.


If you see any of these warning signs, do not enter any sensitive information and contact the company or individual involved immediately. Second, use strong security measures, such as two-factor authentication, to protect your accounts. This will make it more difficult for attackers to gain access to your information. Finally, keep your software and operating system up to date with the latest security patches. This will help to close any potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

Man-in-the-middle attacks can be devastating for individuals and businesses alike. By intercepting communications between two parties, attackers can gain access to sensitive information or even impersonate one of the parties involved. Fortunately, there are a number of steps you can take to protect yourself from man-in-the-middle attacks.

  • First, avoid using public Wi-Fi networks for sensitive transactions. Attackers can easily set up their own rogue networks, and it can be difficult to tell the difference between a legitimate network and a malicious one. If you must use public Wi-Fi, be sure to use a VPN to encrypt your traffic.
  • Second, be cautious about the links you click on. When in doubt, hover over a link to see where it will actually take you. And always be suspicious of links that come from untrustworthy sources.
  • Finally, keep your software and security tools up to date. Man-in-the-middle attacks are constantly evolving, so it’s important to have the latest defenses in place.

By following these simple tips, you can help keep yourself safe from man-in-the-middle attacks.

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Is MITM attack possible when on HTTPS?

HTTPS (or really, SSL) is specifically designed to thwart MITM attacks.

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Web browsers validate that both the certificate presented by the server is labeled correctly with the website’s domain name and that it has a chain of trust back to a well-known certificate authority. Under normal circumstances, this is enough to prevent anyone from impersonating the website.

As the question points out, you can thwart this by somehow acquiring the secret key for the existing website’s certificate.

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You can also launch a MITM attack by getting one of the well-known certificate authorities to issue you a certificate with the domain name of the website you wish to impersonate. This can be (and has been) accomplished by social engineering and hacking into the registrars.

Outside of those two main methods, you would have to rely upon bugs in the SSL protocol or its implementations (of which a few have been discovered over the years).

What are the countermeasures of MITM?

1- Certificates.

For the web, we use a similar principle. A certificate is a specific document issued by a third party that validate the identity of a website. Your PC can ask the third party if the certificate is correct, and only if it is allow the traffic. This is what HTTPs does.

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2- Simple…encryption!

Man In The Middle attacks are carried out because an attacker is in between both communicators (let’s say two clients or a client and a server). If he is able to see the communication in clear text, he can do a whole lot ranging from stealing login credentials to snooping on conversations. If encryption is implemented, the attacker would see gibberish and “un-understandable” text instead.

In terms of web communication, digital certificates would do a great job of encrypting communication stream (any website using HTTPS encrypts communication stream by default). For social media apps like whats app and Skype, it is the responsibility of the vendor to implement encryption.

MitM Attack Techniques and Types

  • ARP Cache Poisoning. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a low-level process that translates the machine address (MAC) to the IP address on the local network. …
  • DNS Cache Poisoning. …
  • Wi-Fi Eavesdropping. …
  • Session Hijacking.
  • IP Spoofing
  • DNS Spoofing
  • HTTPS Spoofing
  • SSL Hijacking
  • Email Hijacking
  • Wifi Eavesdropping
  • Cookie Stealing and so on.

Can MITM attacks steal credit card information?

When you enter your sensitive information on an HTTP website and press that “Send” button, all your private details travel in plain text from your web browser to the destination server.


A cyber-attacker can employ a man-in-the-middle attack and intercept your information. Since it’s not encrypted, the hacker can see everything: your name, physical address, card numbers, and anything else you entered.

To avoid MITM attacks, don’t share your info on HTTP sites. More on SSL certificates and man-in-the-middle attacks in this detailed medium article

How common are MITM attacks in public places with free WIFI?

Not common by people, but common by malware and other software that are designed to do that.

How do you ensure your RDP is secure from MITM attacks?

  • Make sure all of your workstations and remote servers are patched.
  • On highly sensitive devices, use two-factor authentication.
  • Reduce the number of remote account users with elevated privileges on the server.
  • Make a safe password.
  • Your credentials should not be saved in your RDP register.
  • Remove the RDP file from your computer.

CyberSecurity 101 and Top 25 AWS Certified Security Specialty Questions and Answers Dumps

AWS Certified Security – Specialty Questions and Answers Dumps

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CyberSecurity 101 and Top 25 AWS Certified Security Specialty Questions and Answers Dumps

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Almost 4.57 billion people were active internet users as of July 2020, encompassing 59 percent of the global population.  94% of enterprises use cloud. 77% of organizations worldwide have at least one application running on the cloud. This results in an exponential growth of cyber attacks. Therefore, CyberSecurity is one  the biggest challenge to individuals and organizations worldwide:  158,727 cyber attacks per hour, 2,645 per minute and 44 every second of every day.  

In this blog, we cover the Top 25 AWS Certified Security Specialty Questions and Answers Dumps and all latest and relevant information about CyberSecurity including:

I- The AWS Certified Security – Specialty (SCS-C01) examination is intended for  individuals who perform a security role. This exam validates an examinee’s ability to effectively demonstrate knowledge about securing the AWS platform.

It validates an examinee’s ability to demonstrate:

An understanding of specialized data classifications and AWS data protection mechanisms.

An understanding of data-encryption methods and AWS mechanisms to implement them.


An understanding of secure Internet protocols and AWS mechanisms to implement them.

A working knowledge of AWS security services and features of services to provide a secure production environment.

Competency gained from two or more years of production deployment experience using AWS security services and features.

The ability to make tradeoff decisions with regard to cost, security, and deployment complexity given a set of application requirements.

CyberSecurity 101 and Top 25  AWS Certified Security Specialty Questions and Answers Dumps
AWS Certified Security Specialty

An understanding of security operations and risks.

Below are the Top 25 AWS Certified Security Specialty Questions and Answers Dumps including Notes, Hint and References:

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Question 1:  When requested through an STS API call, credentials are returned with what three components?

A)  Security Token, Access Key ID, Signed URL
B) Security Token, Access Key ID, Secret Access Key
C) Signed URL, Security Token, Username
D) Security Token, Secret Access Key, Personal Pin Code
 

ANSWER1:

B

Notes/Hint1:

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Security Token, Access Key ID, Secret Access Key

Reference1: Security Token, Access Key ID, Secret Access Key

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Question 2: A company has AWS workloads in multiple geographical locations. A Developer has created an Amazon Aurora database in the us-west-1 Region. The database is encrypted using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. Now the Developer wants to create the same encrypted database in the us-east-1 Region. Which approach should the Developer take to accomplish this task?

A) Create a snapshot of the database in the us-west-1 Region. Copy the snapshot to the us-east-1 Region and specify a KMS key in the us-east-1 Region. Restore the database from the copied snapshot.
B) Create an unencrypted snapshot of the database in the us-west-1 Region. Copy the snapshot to the useast-1 Region. Restore the database from the copied snapshot and enable encryption using the KMS key from the us-east-1 Region
C) Disable encryption on the database. Create a snapshot of the database in the us-west-1 Region. Copy the snapshot to the us-east-1 Region. Restore the database from the copied snapshot.
D) In the us-east-1 Region, choose to restore the latest automated backup of the database from the us-west1 Region. Enable encryption using a KMS key in the us-east-1 Region
 

ANSWER2:

A

Notes/Hint2:

If a user copies an encrypted snapshot, the copy of the snapshot must also be encrypted. If a user copies an encrypted snapshot across Regions, users cannot use the same AWS KMS encryption key for the copy as used for the source snapshot, because KMS keys are Region specific. Instead, users must specify a KMS key that is valid in the destination Region


Reference2: copies an encrypted snapshot, KMS Keys are Region-specific

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Question 3: A corporate cloud security policy states that communication between the company’s VPC and KMS must travel entirely within the AWS network and not use public service endpoints. Which combination of the following actions MOST satisfies this requirement? (Select TWO.) 

A) Add the aws:sourceVpce condition to the AWS KMS key policy referencing the company’s VPC endpoint ID.
 
B) Remove the VPC internet gateway from the VPC and add a virtual private gateway to the VPC to prevent direct, public internet connectivity.
 
C) Create a VPC endpoint for AWS KMS with private DNS enabled.
 
D) Use the KMS Import Key feature to securely transfer the AWS KMS key over a VPN. E) Add the following condition to the AWS KMS key policy: “aws:SourceIp”: “10.0.0.0/16“.
 

ANSWER3:

A and C

Notes/Hint3: 


An IAM policy can deny access to AWS KMS except through your VPC endpoint with the following condition statement: 
“Condition”:  {
     “StringNotEquals”: { 
             “aws:sourceVpce”: “vpce-0295a3caf8414c94a” 
                 } 
}
 If you select the Enable Private DNS Name option, the standard AWS KMS DNS hostname resolves to your VPC endpoint.

Reference3: AWS KMS

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Question 4: An application team is designing a solution with two applications. The security team wants the applications’ logs to be captured in two different places, because one of the applications produces logs with sensitive data. Which solution meets the requirement with the LEAST risk and effort? 

A) Use Amazon CloudWatch Logs to capture all logs, write an AWS Lambda function that parses the log file, and move sensitive data to a different log.
 
B) Use Amazon CloudWatch Logs with two log groups, with one for each application, and use an AWS IAM policy to control access to the log groups, as required.
 
C) Aggregate logs into one file, then use Amazon CloudWatch Logs, and then design two CloudWatch metric filters to filter sensitive data from the logs.
 
 D) Add logic to the application that saves sensitive data logs on the Amazon EC2 instances’ local storage, and write a batch script that logs into the Amazon EC2 instances and moves sensitive logs to a secure location.
 

ANSWER4:

B

Notes/Hint4: 

Each application’s log can be configured to send the log to a specific Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group.

Reference4: Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group.

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Question 5: A security engineer must set up security group rules for a three-tier application: 

  • Presentation tier – Accessed by users over the web, protected by the security group presentation-sg
  • Logic tier – RESTful API accessed from the presentation tier through HTTPS, protected by the security group logic-sg
  • Data tier – SQL Server database accessed over port 1433 from the logic tier, protected by the security group data-sg
Which combination of the following security group rules will allow the application to be secure and functional? (Select THREE.)
 
A) presentation-sg: Allow ports 80 and 443 from 0.0.0.0/0
B) data-sg: Allow port 1433 from presentation-sg
C) data-sg: Allow port 1433 from logic-sg
D) presentation-sg: Allow port 1433 from data-sg
 E) logic-sg: Allow port 443 from presentation-sg
F) logic-sg: Allow port 443 from 0.0.0.0/0
 

ANSWER5:

A C and E

Notes/Hint5: 

In an n-tier architecture, each tier’s security group allows traffic from the security group sending it traffic only. The presentation tier opens traffic for HTTP and HTTPS from the internet. Since security groups are stateful, only inbound rules are required.

Reference5: n-tier architecture

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Question 6: A security engineer is working with a product team building a web application on AWS. The application uses Amazon S3 to host the static content, Amazon API Gateway to provide RESTful services, and Amazon DynamoDB as the backend data store. The users already exist in a directory that is exposed through a SAML identity provider. Which combination of the following actions should the engineer take to enable users to be authenticated into the web application and call APIs? (Select THREE). 

A) Create a custom authorization service using AWS Lambda.
 
B) Configure a SAML identity provider in Amazon Cognito to map attributes to the Amazon Cognito user pool attributes.
 
C) Configure the SAML identity provider to add the Amazon Cognito user pool as a relying party.
 
D) Configure an Amazon Cognito identity pool to integrate with social login providers.
 
E) Update DynamoDB to store the user email addresses and passwords.
 
F) Update API Gateway to use an Amazon Cognito user pool authorizer.

ANSWER6:

B, C and F

Notes/Hint6: 

When Amazon Cognito receives a SAML assertion, it needs to be able to map SAML attributes to user pool attributes. When configuring Amazon Cognito to receive SAML assertions from an identity provider, you need ensure that the identity provider is configured to have Amazon Cognito as a relying party. Amazon API Gateway will need to be able to understand the authorization being passed from Amazon Cognito, which is a configuration step.

Reference6: user pool attributes Amazon API Gateway 

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Question 7: A company is hosting a web application on AWS and is using an Amazon S3 bucket to store images. Users should have the ability to read objects in the bucket. A security engineer has written the following bucket policy to grant public read access:

Attempts to read an object, however, receive the error: “Action does not apply to any resource(s) in statement.” What should the engineer do to fix the error? 
 
A) Change the IAM permissions by applying PutBucketPolicy permissions.
 
B) Verify that the policy has the same name as the bucket name. If not, make it the same.
 
C) Change the resource section to “arn:aws:s3:::appbucket/*”.
 
D) Add an s3:ListBucket action.
 

ANSWER7:

C

Notes/Hint7: 

The resource section should match with the type of operation. Change the ARN to include /* at the end, as it is an object operation.

Reference7: IAM Policy – Access to S3 bucket

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Question 8: A company decides to place database hosts in its own VPC, and to set up VPC peering to different VPCs containing the application and web tiers. The application servers are unable to connect to the database. Which network troubleshooting steps should be taken to resolve the issue? (Select TWO.)

 A) Check to see if the application servers are in a private subnet or public subnet.
B) Check the route tables for the application server subnets for routes to the VPC peering connection.
C) Check the NACLs for the database subnets for rules that allow traffic from the internet.
D) Check the database security groups for rules that allow traffic from the application servers.
E) Check to see if the database VPC has an internet gateway.
 

ANSWER8:

B and D

Notes/Hint8: