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Many students feel nervous about breaking into the job market after graduation, but this task can be even more daunting for international students. Navigating cultural nuances, visa requirements, and employment prospects adds to the complexity of finding a job. However, the tech and IT sectors offer vast opportunities that are welcoming for everyone. If you’re not sure if this is right for you, consider the reasons why tech and IT jobs are perfect for international students.
Global Demand
The global demand for tech and IT professionals continues to soar as technology evolves and integrates into every aspect of our daily lives. This provides international students with a plethora of opportunities across various countries. The industry welcomes diverse skill sets, ensuring that students from different educational backgrounds can find a niche that matches their expertise and interests.
Skill Development
Tech and IT fields are known for their rapid pace of change and emphasis on continuous learning. International students who enter these industries are not only privy to cutting-edge technology but also gain invaluable skills such as problem-solving, data analysis, and coding. These skills are highly sought after and can be transferable across numerous industries, allowing for a versatile and robust career trajectory.
Cultural Diversity
The tech world thrives on diversity, making it an open and welcoming environment for international students. Companies actively seek multicultural team members who can bring fresh perspectives and innovative solutions to the table. This inclusivity fosters a nurturing atmosphere where international students can thrive, share their unique viewpoints, and benefit from a fusion of global ideas.
Remote Work Opportunities
The rise of digital platforms has elevated remote work from a benefit to a standard practice in many tech and IT companies. This offers international students the flexibility to work from anywhere in the world, opening doors to positions that previously required geographical relocation. Remote jobs save time and costs while allowing for a better work-life balance, making it an attractive option for students juggling studies and part-time work.
Career Growth
Tech and IT sectors are replete with upward mobility opportunities, offering a spectrum of roles that cater to both entry-level graduates and seasoned professionals. By working in tech, international students can gain US work experience, which is often a critical component for career advancement. Organizations often provide structured career paths featuring mentorship and training programs that hone skills and foster leadership qualities.
Understanding why tech and IT jobs are perfect for international students can guide career decisions that are both fulfilling and financially rewarding. If you’re considering entering the tech industry, now is the perfect time to explore your options and consider aligning your career path with organizations that support diversity and global talent. Pursuing a career in tech could be the step that propels you into a thriving, dynamic profession.
Differences Between Power Strips and Surge Protectors


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Your home’s safety can hinge on the subtlest of electronics. It’s an electric world out there, and with great home convenience comes the somewhat daunting task of managing power efficiently and safely. But here’s an electric truth you might not have plugged into yet—there’s a world of difference between a power strip and its more resilient sibling, the surge protector. Read on to learn more.
Power Strips: Not All Outlets Are Equal
A power strip is the standard go-to when you need a few extra outlets in a pinch. Picture the power strip as an adaptable traffic cop for your electrical items—it directs power traffic and keeps all your devices organized.
The run-of-the-mill strip comes with multiple outlets, possibly with a fuse to avoid overloading, but when it comes to sudden voltage spikes, they’re just as shocked as your electronics. While power strips are handy for plugging in your everyday devices like lamps, laptops, and toasters, they’re not fit for the challenges of more sensitive electronics.
Surge Protectors: Grounded Defense for Electronics
Surge protectors take the defensive line against unexpected jolts of power. Beyond the quintessential role of offering additional outlets, these bruisers can detect and suppress voltage spikes, ensuring that your electronics remain unscathed.
What might seem like a flicker in your lights can wreak havoc on a computer, TV, or home entertainment system, but a good surge protector stands in the way like a protective barrier. This level of protection is one of the top reasons to use surge protectors at home as opposed to typical power strips.
Making the Switch
Choosing between power strips and surge protectors isn’t just about preference—it’s a judgment call for safeguarding your home’s tech and electronics. A decent surge protector might be pricier than a simple power strip, but the investment pales next to the potential cost of replacing your fried laptop or smart home hub. When in doubt, opt for the surge—it’s the wise route to powering up your gadgets safely and securely.
Electrical safety isn’t a lightning-quick decision; it’s a current of constants, small choices that spark a larger assurance in your home. By recognizing the stark differences between power strips and surge protectors, you’re not just playing it safe but conducting a symphony of safeguarded living.
Benefits and Drawbacks of Working Remotely in Africa: Has Africa fully embraced hybrid teams, digital workspace and the use of remote workers?


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What are The Benefits and Drawbacks of Working Remotely in Africa?
Has Africa fully embraced hybrid teams, digital workspace and the use of remote workers?
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many businesses to reevaluate the way they operate. For some, this has meant a shift to hybrid teams, with employees working remotely part of the time. For others, it’s meant a move to digital workspaces and an embrace of remote workers. But what does this mean for Africa? Has the continent fully embraced these changes? Let’s take a look.
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The Pros of Working Remotely in Africa
There are a number of advantages to working remotely in Africa. First, it allows businesses to tap into a larger pool of talent. With more people working remotely, businesses can hire the best employees, regardless of location. Second, it can help reduce costs. With no need for office space or equipment, businesses can save money by having employees work remotely. Finally, it can promote a better work-life balance. With no need to commute, employees can have more time for family and hobbies.
The Cons of Working Remotely in Africa
However, there are also some drawbacks to working remotely in Africa. First, there is the issue of internet connectivity. While most African countries have access to high-speed internet, there are still some areas that do not. This can make it difficult for remote workers to stay connected and productive. Second, there is the issue of time zones. With workers in different time zones, it can be difficult to schedule meetings and conference calls. Finally, there is the issue of culture.
Working remotely can be isolating, and it can be difficult to build relationships with coworkers when you’re not in the same place.
The Benefits of Hybrid Teams
A hybrid team is a mix of full-time employees and freelancers or contractors who work together to achieve a common goal. This model offers a number of benefits for businesses, including increased flexibility, reduced costs, and improved access to skills and talent.
One of the biggest advantages of hybrid teams is that they offer businesses increased flexibility. With a hybrid team, businesses can scale up or down as needed, which is ideal in today’s ever-changing business landscape. Additionally, hybrid teams allow businesses to tap into a wider pool of skills and talent. And because freelancers and contractors are typically paid by the project, businesses can save money by only paying for the work that is completed.
The Digital Workspace
The digital workspace is a new way of working that enables employees to be productive from anywhere at any time. It includes cloud-based applications and services that allow employees to access their files and applications from any device with an internet connection.
The digital workspace offers a number of benefits for businesses, including increased productivity, reduced costs, and improved collaboration. Perhaps most importantly, it gives employees the freedom to work from anywhere at any time. This is especially beneficial for employees in Africa who may not have reliable access to electricity or internet connectivity.
Remote Workers in Africa
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many businesses around the world to embrace remote work. In Africa, we are seeing a similar trend, with more and more businesses allowing employees to work from home or other remote locations. There are many reasons for this, but chief among them are increased productivity and reduced costs.
When done correctly, remote work can lead to increased productivity as employees are free to design their own schedules and work in environments that suit their needs. Additionally, remote work can help reduce costs by eliminating the need for office space and associated overhead costs.
The benefits of hybrid teams are well-documented. A study by Harvard Business Review found that companies with diverse teams are 35% more likely to outperform their peers. Another study by McKinsey & Company found that businesses with gender-diverse leadership teams are 21% more likely to generate above-average profits. In Africa, the benefits of hybrid teams are especially pronounced.
The African continent is home to a wide variety of cultures and languages. This diversity is an asset that can be leveraged by businesses to gain a competitive edge. By tapping into the talents of people from all corners of the continent, businesses can create products and services that appeal to a global market.
In addition, the use of remote workers allows businesses to tap into a wider pool of talent. By eliminating the need for employees to be physically present in an office, businesses can hire the best person for the job regardless of location. This has led to increased productivity and efficiency in the workplace.
Overall, working remotely in Africa has its pros and cons. However, with the right infrastructure and support in place, remote work can be a great option for businesses and employees alike.
The rise of hybrid teams has had a positive impact on Africa. By bringing together people with different skillsets and backgrounds, businesses have been able to create products and services that appeal to a global market. In addition, the use of remote workers has allowed businesses to tap into a wider pool of talent. This has led to increased productivity and efficiency in the workplace.
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. In Africa, we are seeing a trend towards hybrid teams, the digital workspace, and remote workers. This new way of working offers a number of benefits for businesses, including increased flexibility, reduced costs, and improved access to skills and talent. As we continue to adapt to the new normal brought on by the pandemic, it is clear that these trends are here to stay.
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How well do you know Africa? Test your knowledge with this Africa history and geography quiz. Africa is the world’s second largest continent, and it is home to a stunning diversity of cultures, languages, and landscapes. From the Sahara Desert to the rainforests of the Congo Basin, Africa boasts a huge variety of geography. And its history is just as rich, from ancient civilizations like Egypt and Ethiopia to European colonization and the struggle for independence. So whether you’re an Africa expert or just getting started, this quiz will help you test your knowledge of this amazing continent.
Africa is a vast and fascinating continent with a rich history and diverse culture. To test your knowledge of Africa, take this Africa History and Geography Quiz. See how much you know about the people, places, and events that have shaped Africa over the centuries.
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By: Mutindi G. KiokoContinue reading on Medium »
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- Prayer Posture: spread out your handsby Oluwatosin Oluwatola (Africa on Medium) on February 8, 2025 at 8:43 am
Exodus 9:29 So Moses said to him, “As soon as I have gone out of the city, I will spread out my hands to the Lord; the thunder will cease…Continue reading on Medium »
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How might the escalating regional instability arising from the M23 rebels’ latest offensive influence the operations of the ADF?Continue reading on Medium »
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What are the Top 5 things that can say a lot about a software engineer or programmer’s quality?


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What are the Top 5 things that can say a lot about a software engineer or programmer’s quality?
When it comes to the quality of a software engineer or programmer, there are a few key things that can give you a good indication. First, take a look at their code quality. A good software engineer will take pride in their work and produce clean, well-organized code. They will also be able to explain their code concisely and confidently. Another thing to look for is whether they are up-to-date on the latest coding technologies and trends. A good programmer will always be learning and keeping up with the latest industry developments. Finally, pay attention to how they handle difficult problems. A good software engineer will be able to think creatively and come up with innovative solutions to complex issues. If you see these qualities in a software engineer or programmer, chances are they are of high quality.
Below are the top 5 things can say a lot about a software engineer/ programmer’s quality?
- The number of possible paths through the code (branch points) is minimized. Top quality code tends to be much more straight line than poor code. As a result, the author can design, code and test very quickly and is often looked at as a programming guru. In addition this code is far more resilient in Production.
- The code clearly matches the underlying business requirements and can therefore be understood very quickly by new resources. As a result there is much less tendency for a maintenance programmer to break the basic design as opposed to spaghetti code where small changes can have catastrophic effects.
- There is an overall sense of pride in the source code itself. If the enterprise has clear written standards, these are followed to the letter. If not, the code is internally consistent in terms of procedure/object, function/method or variable/attribute naming. Also indentation and continuations are universally consistent throughout. Last but not least, the majority of code blocks are self-evident to the requirements and where not the case, adequate purpose focused documentation is provided.
In general, I have seen two types of programs provided for initial Production deployment. One looks like it was just written moments ago and the other looks like it has had 20 years of maintenance performed on it. Unfortunately, the authors of the second type cannot generally see the difference so it is a lost cause and we just have to continue to deal with the problems. - In today’s programming environment, a project may span many platforms, languages etc. A simple web page may invoke an API which in turn accesses a database. For this example lets say JavaScript – Rest API – C# – SQL – RDBMS. The programmer can basically embed logic anywhere in this chain, but needs to be aware of reuse, performance and maintenance issues. For instance, if a part of the process requires access to three database tables, it is both faster and clearer to allow the DBMS engine return a single query than compare the tables in the API code. Similarly every business rule coded in the client side reduces re-usability potential.
Top quality developers understand these issues and can optimize their designs to take advantages of the strengths of the component technologies. - The ability to stay current with new trends and technologies. Technology is constantly evolving, and a good software engineer or programmer should be able to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and technologies in order to be able to create the best possible products.
To conclude:
Below are other things to consider when hiring good software engineers or programmers:
- The ability to write clean, well-organized code. This is a key indicator of a good software engineer or programmer. The ability to write code that is easy to read and understand is essential for creating high-quality software.
- The ability to test and debug code. A good coder should be able to test their code thoroughly and identify and fix any errors that may exist.
- The ability to write efficient code. Software engineering is all about creating efficient solutions to problems. A good software engineer or programmer will be able to write code that is efficient and effective.
- The ability to work well with others. Software engineering is typically a team-based effort. A good software engineer or programmer should be able to work well with others in order to create the best possible product.
- The ability to stay current with new trends and technologies.
Why is there a lack of diversity among software engineers in tech companies in USA and Canada?


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Why is there a lack of diversity among software engineers in tech companies in USA and Canada?
One of the most significant problems facing the tech industry is a lack of diversity among software engineers. In the United States and Canada, women and visible minorities are grossly underrepresented in the field. This problem is often attributed to the pipelines that feed into the industry. For example, women are less likely than men to study computer science in college. However, this does not fully explain the disparity. Hiring practices at tech companies are also to blame. Studies have shown that companies are biased against female and minority candidates. They are more likely to hire white men with similar educational backgrounds and work experience. This lack of diversity has negative consequences for both the individuals affected and the companies themselves. Immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, are being designed and developed primarily by white men. This creates a product that does not reflect the needs or perspectives of a diverse population. In addition, companies with diverse teams have been shown to perform better than those without diversity. They are more innovative and adaptable to change. The lack of diversity among software engineers is a problem that needs to be addressed by both educators and tech companies if the industry is to thrive in the future.
A prominent Engineer from Silicon Valley said this about the topic: Women and minorities are systematically discouraged from taking STEM subjects starting around the third grade. Fewer of them excel in math and science in high school. Fewer go to college. Women and minorities don’t see women and minorities in tech roles in the media. Some hiring managers are racist, misogynist scumbags. Some co-workers are dismissive of them. They have trouble finding mentors. The women, at least, are encouraged continuously to drop out and make fat babies.
This all forms a pretty effective filter. By Kurt Guntheroth.
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Software industry has mostly adopted and promoted conformist culture, thanks to its leaders who mostly have been power mongers and Machiavellian by approach, with few exceptions here and there in few organizations. Conforming culture will inherently repel diversity since one is more assured of conforming staff in a known culture rather than more diverse culture. Most of these so called pseudo leaders don’t really seek diverse ideas which inherently stem from diverse cultures. And so such organizations never end up becoming diverse.
There aren’t enough women in the industry — in individual contributor roles and in leadership roles. There also aren’t enough African-Americans and Latinos.
Why does this matter? Many reasons. One big one is that exclusion leads to more exclusion. When one gender/ethnic group is significantly underrepresented in a workforce, strong biases bake in -> the people in the affected group think they don’t belong at the compan(ies) and the people at the companies have an insular bias to pick people from their networks/people who share their backgrounds.
Silicon Valley is the hottest growth sector in the US and will continue to create the best career and wealth opportunities over the next 20–30 years. It’s really not good that the industry isn’t absorbing more women, African-Americans, and Latinos.
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To conclude:
Technology is a rapidly growing industry with a huge demand for qualified software engineers. However, there is a lack of diversity among software engineers in tech companies in the USA and Canada. Women and minorities are greatly underrepresented in the field of software engineering. This is due to several factors, including the misogynistic and racist culture of many tech companies. The lack of diversity among software engineers has a negative impact on the quality of products and services offered by tech companies. It also limits the ability of these companies to innovate and serve a wide range of customers. In order to increase diversity among software engineers, tech companies need to change their hiring practices and create an inclusive environment that values all types of people.
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Examining the Fragmented Data on Black Entrepreneurship in North America
Financing Black Businesses in Canada and USA: Challenges and Opportunities
What is the single most influential book every Programmers should read


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What is the single most influential book every Programmers should read
There are a lot of books that can be influential to programmers. But, what is the one book that every programmer should read? This is a question that has been asked by many, and it is still up for debate. However, there are some great contenders for this title. In this blog post, we will discuss three possible books that could be called the most influential book for programmers. So, what are you waiting for? Keep reading to find out more!
- Bjarne Stroustrup – The C++ Programming Language,
- Brian W. Kernighan, Rob Pike – The Practice of Programming,
- Donald Knuth – The Art of Computer Programming,
- Ellen Ullman – Close to the Machine,
- Ellis Horowitz – Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms,
- Eric Raymond – The Art of Unix Programming,
- Gerald M. Weinberg – The Psychology of Computer Programming,
- James Gosling – The Java Programming Language,
- Joel Spolsky – The Best Software Writing I,
- Keith Curtis – After the Software Wars,
- Richard M. Stallman – Free Software, Free Society,
- Richard P. Gabriel – Patterns of Software,
- Richard P. Gabriel – Innovation Happens Elsewhere,
- Code Complete (2nd edition) by Steve McConnell,
- The Pragmatic Programmer,
- Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs,
- The C Programming Language by Kernighan and Ritchie,
- Introduction to Algorithms by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest & Stein,
- Design Patterns by the Gang of Four,
- Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code,
- The Mythical Man Month,
- The Art of Computer Programming by Donald Knuth,
- Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools by Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi and Jeffrey D. Ullman,
- Gödel, Escher, Bach by Douglas Hofstadter,
- Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship by Robert C. Martin,
- Effective C++,
- More Effective C++,
- CODE by Charles Petzold,
- Programming Pearls by Jon Bentley,
- Working Effectively with Legacy Code by Michael C. Feathers,
- Peopleware by Demarco and Lister
- Coders at Work by Peter Seibel,
- Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!,
- Effective Java 2nd edition,
- Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture by Martin Fowler,
- The Little Schemer,
- The Seasoned Schemer,
- Why’s (Poignant) Guide to Ruby,
- The Inmates Are Running The Asylum: Why High Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity,
- The Art of Unix Programming,
- Test-Driven Development: By Example by Kent Beck,
- Practices of an Agile Developer,
- Don’t Make Me Think,
- Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices by Robert C. Martin,
- Domain Driven Designs by Eric Evans,
- The Design of Everyday Things by Donald Norman,
- Modern C++ Design by Andrei Alexandrescu,
- Best Software Writing I by Joel Spolsky,
- The Practice of Programming by Kernighan and Pike,
- Pragmatic Thinking and Learning: Refactor Your Wetware by Andy Hunt,
- Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art by Steve McConnel,
- The Passionate Programmer (My Job Went To India) by Chad Fowler,
- Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution,
- Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs,
- Writing Solid Code,
- JavaScript – The Good Parts,
- Getting Real by 37 Signals,
- Foundations of Programming by Karl Seguin,
- Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice in C (2nd Edition),
- Thinking in Java by Bruce Eckel,
- The Elements of Computing Systems,
- Refactoring to Patterns by Joshua Kerievsky,
- Modern Operating Systems by Andrew S. Tanenbaum,
- The Annotated Turing,
- Things That Make Us Smart by Donald Norman,
- The Timeless Way of Building by Christopher Alexander,
- The Deadline: A Novel About Project Management by Tom DeMarco,
- The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition) by Stroustrup,
- Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture,
- Computer Systems – A Programmer’s Perspective,
- Agile Principles, Patterns, and Practices in C# by Robert C. Martin,
- Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests,
- Framework Design Guidelines by Brad Abrams,
- Object Thinking by Dr. David West,
- Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment by W. Richard Stevens,
- Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age,
- The Soul of a New Machine by Tracy Kidder,
- CLR via C# by Jeffrey Richter,
- The Timeless Way of Building by Christopher Alexander,
- Design Patterns in C# by Steve Metsker,
- Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carol,
- Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert M. Pirsig,
- About Face – The Essentials of Interaction Design,
- Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations by Clay Shirky,
- The Tao of Programming,
- Computational Beauty of Nature,
- Writing Solid Code by Steve Maguire,
- Philip and Alex’s Guide to Web Publishing,
- Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications by Grady Booch,
- Effective Java by Joshua Bloch,
- Computability by N. J. Cutland,
- Masterminds of Programming,
- The Tao Te Ching,
- The Productive Programmer,
- The Art of Deception by Kevin Mitnick,
- The Career Programmer: Guerilla Tactics for an Imperfect World by Christopher Duncan,
- Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case studies in Common Lisp,
- Masters of Doom,
- Pragmatic Unit Testing in C# with NUnit by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas with Matt Hargett,
- How To Solve It by George Polya,
- The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho,
- Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation,
- Writing Secure Code (2nd Edition) by Michael Howard,
- Introduction to Functional Programming by Philip Wadler and Richard Bird,
- No Bugs! by David Thielen,
- Rework by Jason Freid and DHH,
- JUnit in Action
Source: Wikipedia

What are the concepts every Java C# C++ Python Rust programmer must know?
Ok…I think this is one of the most important questions to answer. According to the my personal experience as a Programmer, I would say you must learn following 5 universal core concepts of programming to become a successful Java programmer.
(1) Mastering the fundamentals of Java programming Language – This is the most important skill that you must learn to become successful java programmer. You must master the fundamentals of the language, specially the areas like OOP, Collections, Generics, Concurrency, I/O, Stings, Exception handling, Inner Classes and JVM architecture.
Recommended readings are OCA Java SE 8 Programmer by by Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates (First read Head First Java if you are a new comer ) and Effective Java by Joshua Bloch.
(2) Data Structures and Algorithms – Programming languages are basically just a tool to solve problems. Problems generally has data to process on to make some decisions and we have to build a procedure to solve that specific problem domain. In any real life complexity of the problem domain and the data we have to handle would be very large. That’s why it is essential to knowing basic data structures like Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, Heap, Dictionaries ,Hash Tables and Graphs and also basic algorithms like Searching, Sorting, Hashing, Graph algorithms, Greedy algorithms and Dynamic Programming.
Recommended readings are Data Structures & Algorithms in Java by Robert Lafore (Beginner) , Algorithms Robert Sedgewick (intermediate) and Introduction to Algorithms-MIT press by CLRS (Advanced).
(3) Design Patterns – Design patterns are general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design and they are absolutely crucial as hard core Java Programmer. If you don’t use design patterns you will write much more code, it will be buggy and hard to understand and refactor, not to mention untestable and they are really great way for communicating your intent very quickly with other programmers.
Recommended readings are Head First Design Patterns Elisabeth Freeman and Kathy Sierra and Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable by Gang of four.
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(4) Programming Best Practices – Programming is not only about learning and writing code. Code readability is a universal subject in the world of computer programming. It helps standardize products and help reduce future maintenance cost. Best practices helps you, as a programmer to think differently and improves problem solving attitude within you. A simple program can be written in many ways if given to multiple developers. Thus the need to best practices come into picture and every programmer must aware about these things.
Recommended readings are Clean Code by Robert Cecil Martin and Code Complete by Steve McConnell.
(5) Testing and Debugging (T&D) – As you know about the writing the code for specific problem domain, you have to learn how to test that code snippet and debug it when it is needed. Some programmers skip their unit testing or other testing methodology part and leave it to QA guys. That will lead to delivering 80% bugs hiding in your code to the QA team and reduce the productivity and risking and pushing your project boundaries to failure. When a miss behavior or bug occurred within your code when the testing phase. It is essential to know about the debugging techniques to identify that bug and its root cause.
Recommended readings are Debugging by David Agans and A Friendly Introduction to Software Testing by Bill Laboon.
I hope these instructions will help you to become a successful Java Programmer. Here i am explain only the universal core concepts that you must learn as successful programmer. I am not mentioning any technologies that Java programmer must know such as Spring, Hibernate, Micro-Servicers and Build tools, because that can be change according to the problem domain or environment that you are currently working on…..Happy Coding!
Summary: There’s no doubt that books have had a profound influence on society and the advancement of human knowledge. But which book is the most influential for programmers? Some might say it’s The Art of Computer Programming, or The Pragmatic Programmer. But I would argue that the most influential book for programmers is CODE: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software. In CODE, author Charles Petzold takes you on a journey from the basics of computer hardware to the intricate workings of software. Along the way, you learn how to write code in Assembly language, and gain an understanding of how computers work at a fundamental level. If you’re serious about becoming a programmer, then CODE should be at the top of your reading list!
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Top 30 AWS Certified Developer Associate Exam Tips


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Top 30 AWS Certified Developer Associate Exam Tips
AWS Certified Developer Associate Exam Prep Urls
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0
Understand some basic code samples such as JSON code, config files, and IAM policy documents: Amazon EC2, Amazon Elastic Load Balancing, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS), AWS KMS, Amazon CloudTrail, AWS Organizations, Amazon Simple Workflow Service (SWF), and Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Load Balancing, DynamoDB, EBS, Multi-AZ RDS, Aurora, EFS, DynamoDB, NLB, ALB, Aurora, Auto Scalling, DynamoDB(latency), Aurora(performance), Multi-AZ RDS(high availability), Throughput Optimized EBS (highly sequential), Read the quizlet note cards here
AWS topics for DVA-C01
1
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What to study: LAMBDA [10-15% of Exam]Invocation types, Using notifications and event source mappings, Concurrency and throttling, X-Ray and Amazon SQS DLQs, Versions and aliases, Blue/green deployment, Packaging and deployment, VPC connections (with Internet/NAT GW), Lambda as ELB target, Dependencies, Environment variables (inc. encrypting them)
AWS topics for DVA-C01
2
What to study: DYNAMODB [10-12% of Exam]Scans vs queries (and the APIs, parameters you can use), Local and Global Secondary indexes, Calculating Read Capacity Units (RCUs) and Write, Capacity Units (WCUs), Performance / optimization best practices, Use cases (e.g. session state, key/value data store, scalability), DynamoDB Streams, Use in serverless app with Lambda and API Gateway, DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) use cases
AWS topics for DVA-C01: DynamoDB
3
What to study: API Gateway [8-10% of Exam] Lambda / IAM / Cognito authorizers, Invalidation of cache, Integration types: proxy vs custom / AWS vs HTTP, Caching, Import / export OpenAPI Swagger specifications, Stage variables, Performance metrics,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: API Gateway
4
What to study: COGNITO [7-8% of Exam] User pools vs Identity pools, Unauthenticated identities, AWS Cognito Sync, Using MFA with Cognito, Web identity federation,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: COGNITO
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What to study: S3 [7-8% of Exam]Encryption – make sure you understand S3 encryption very well for the exam, S3 Transfer Acceleration, Versioning, Copying data, Lifecycle rules,
AWS topics for DVA-C01
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6
What to study: IAM IAM policies and roles, Cross account access, Multi-factor authentication (MFA), API calls, IAM Roles with EC2 (instance profiles), Access keys vs roles, IAM best practices, Federation,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: IAM
7
What to study: ECS Shared storage between containers, Single vs multi-docker environments, Uploading / downloading images with ECR, Placement strategies (e.g. spread, binpack, random etc.), Port mappings, Defining task definitions, IAM Roles for Tasks,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: ECS
8
What to study: ELASTIC BEANSTALK Deployment policies and blue/green, .ebextensions and config file usage, Updating deployments, Worker vs web tier, Deployment, packaging and files, code, commands used, Use cases,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: AMAZON ELASTIC BEANSTALK
9
What to study: CLOUDFORMATIONS CloudFormation template anatomy (e.g. mappings, outputs, parameters, etc.), Packaging and deployment including commands used, AWS Serverless Application Model (SAM),
AWS topics for DVA-C01
10
What to study: AMAZON CLOUDWATCH Monitoring application logs, Trigger scheduled Lambda invocation, Custom metrics, Metric resolution,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: AMAZON CLOUDWATCH
11
What to study: CODECOMMIT, CODEBUILD, CODEDEPLOY, CODEPIPELINE, CODESTAR Know how each tool fits into the CI/CD pipeline, Various files used such as appspec.yml, buildspec.yml etc., Process for packaging and deployment, Deployment types with CodeDeploy including different , destination services (e.g. Lambda, ECS, EC2), Manual approvals with CodePipeline,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: CODECOMMIT, CODEBUILD, CODEDEPLOY, CODEPIPELINE, CODESTAR
12
What to study: AMAZON CLOUDFRONT
AWS topics for DVA-C01: AMAZON CLOUDFRONT
13
What to study: X-RAYS X-Ray daemon, installing and configuring, Lambda with X-Ray, Use cases / benefits, Inclusion in Elastic Beanstalk environment, Annotations vs segments vs subsegments vs metadata, API calls, Port used (UDP 2000),
AWS topics for DVA-C01: X-RAYS
14
What to study: SQS Standard queues, FIFO, DLQ, delay queue, Decoupling applications use cases, Event source mapping to Lambda, Visibility timeout, Short polling vs long polling,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: SQS
15
What to study: ELASTICACHE Use cases (caching and session state), In-memory data store, Services it sits in front of (e.g. Amazon RDS), Comparison against DynamoDB DAX, Lazy loading vs Write Through Caching, Memcached vs Redis,
AWS topics for DVA-C01: ELASTICACHE
16
What to study: STEP FUNCTIONS Step Functions state machines, Using to coordinate multiple Lambda function invocations
AWS topics for DVA-C01: STEP FUNCTIONS
17
What to study: SSM PARAMETER STORE Storing credentials, Rotation (application needs to do it) – comparison with secrets manager (which handles rotation automatically),
SSM PARAMETER STORE
18
Know what instance types can be launched from which types of AMIs, and which instance types require an HVM AMI
AWS HVM AMI
19
Have a good understanding of how Route53 supports all of the different DNS record types, and when you would use certain ones over others.
Route 53 supports all of the different DNS record types
20
Know which services have native encryption at rest within the region, and which do not.
AWS Services with native Encryption at rest
21
Kinesis Sharding:
#AWS Kinesis Sharding
22
Handling SSL Certificates in ELB ( Wildcard certificate vs SNI )
#AWS Handling SSL Certificates in ELB ( Wildcard certificate vs SNI )
24
The Default Termination Policy for Auto Scaling Group (Oldest launch configuration vs Instance Protection)
#AWS Default Termination Policy for Auto Scaling Group
25
Use AWS Cheatsheets – I also found the cheatsheets provided by Tutorials Dojo very helpful. In my opinion, it is better than Jayendrapatil Patil’s blog since it contains more updated information that complements your review notes.
#AWS Cheat Sheet
26
Watch this exam readiness 3hr video, it very recent webinar this provides what is expected in the exam.
#AWS Exam Prep Video
27
Start off watching Ryan’s videos. Try and completely focus on the hands on. Take your time to understand what you are trying to learn and achieve in those LAB Sessions.
#AWS Exam Prep Video
28
Do not rush into completing the videos. Take your time and hone the basics. Focus and spend a lot of time for the back bone of AWS infrastructure – Compute/EC2 section, Storage (S3/EBS/EFS), Networking (Route 53/Load Balancers), RDS, VPC, Route 3. These sections are vast, with lot of concepts to go over and have loads to learn. Trust me you will need to thoroughly understand each one of them to ensure you pass the certification comfortably.
#AWS Exam Prep Video
29
Make sure you go through resources section and also AWS documentation for each components. Go over FAQs. If you have a question, please post it in the community. Trust me, each answer here helps you understand more about AWS.
#AWS Faqs
30
Like any other product/service, each AWS offering has a different flavor. I will take an example of EC2 (Spot/Reserved/Dedicated/On Demand etc.). Make sure you understand what they are, what are the pros/cons of each of these flavors. Applies for all other offerings too.
#AWS Services
31
Follow Neal K Davis on Linkedin and Read his updates about DVA-C01
#AWS Services
What is the AWS Certified Developer Associate Exam?
The AWS Certified Developer – Associate examination is intended for individuals who perform a development role and have one or more years of hands-on experience developing and maintaining an AWS-based application. It validates an examinee’s ability to:
- Demonstrate an understanding of core AWS services, uses, and basic AWS architecture best practices
- Demonstrate proficiency in developing, deploying, and debugging cloud-based applications using AWS
There are two types of questions on the examination:
- Multiple-choice: Has one correct response and three incorrect responses (distractors).
- Provide implementation guidance based on best practices to the organization throughout the lifecycle of the project.
Select one or more responses that best complete the statement or answer the question. Distractors, or incorrect answers, are response options that an examinee with incomplete knowledge or skill would likely choose. However, they are generally plausible responses that fit in the content area defined by the test objective. Unanswered questions are scored as incorrect; there is no penalty for guessing.
To succeed with the real exam, do not memorize the answers below. It is very important that you understand why a question is right or wrong and the concepts behind it by carefully reading the reference documents in the answers.
AWS Certified Developer Associate info and details
The AWS Certified Developer Associate Exam is a multiple choice, multiple answer exam. Here is the Exam Overview:
- Certification Name: AWS Certified Developer Associate.
- Prerequisites for the Exam: None.
- Exam Pattern: Multiple Choice Questions
- Number of Questions: 65
- Duration: 130 mins
- Exam fees: US $150
- Exam Guide on AWS Website
- Available languages for tests: English, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese
- Read AWS whitepapers
- Register for certification account here.
- Prepare for Certification Here
Other AWS Facts and Summaries and Questions/Answers Dump
- AWS S3 facts and summaries and Q&A Dump
- AWS DynamoDB facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS EC2 facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Serverless facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Developer and Deployment Theory facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS IAM facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS vs Azure vs Google
- Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing
- Cloud Customer Insurance – Cloud Provider Insurance – Cyber Insurance
Additional Information for reference
Below are some useful reference links that would help you to learn about AWS Practitioner Exam.
- AWS certified cloud practitioner/
- certification faqs
- AWS Certified Developer Associate Exam Prep Dumps
Other Relevant and Recommended AWS Certifications
AWS Certification Exams Roadmap[/caption]
- AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner
- AWS Certified Solution Architect – Associate
- AWS Certified Developer – Associate
- AWS Certified SysOps Administrator – Associate
- AWS Certified Developer – Professional
- AWS Certified DevOps Engineer – Professional
- AWS Certified Big Data Specialty
- AWS Certified Advanced Networking.
- AWS Certified Security – Specialty
AWS Developer Associate Exam Whitepapers:
AWS has provided whitepapers to help you understand the technical concepts. Below are the recommended whitepapers.
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Top 60 AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam Tips


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Top 60 AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam Tips
SAA Exam Prep App urls
Solution Architect FREE version:
Google Play Store (Android)
Apple Store (iOS)
Pwa: Web
Amazon android: Amazon App Store (Android)
Microsoft/Windows10:
0 In a nutshell, below are the resources and apps that you need for SAA-C03 Exam Prep:
- Study material by Adrian Cantrill ($40) or Joyjeet Banerjee ($50)
- PRO Quiz and Practice Exams by Djamgatech ($9.99) [iOS – Android]
- Quiz and Practice Exams by Djamgatech [Web – android – iOS – windows] (FREE or $5)
- Practice tests by Tutorial Dojo ($15)
- AWS labs and practices at AWS Qwiklabs ($25-50)
- Extra: $30 for Marek’s course on Udemy
- Extra: You can check out Practice exams by Ken Adams for solutions architect. (SAA-C02 – Updated June 2021)
Read FAQs and learn more about the following topics in details: Load Balancing, DynamoDB, EBS, Multi-AZ RDS, Aurora, EFS, DynamoDB, NLB, ALB, Aurora, Auto Scalling, DynamoDB(latency), Aurora(performance), Multi-AZ RDS(high availability), Throughput Optimized EBS (highly sequential), Read the quizlet note cards about Cloudwatch, CloudTrail, KMS, ElasticBeanstalk, OpsWorks here. Read Dexter’s Barely passed AWS Cram Notes about RPO vs RTO, HA vs FT, Undifferentiated Heavy Lifting, Access Management Basics, Shared Responsibility Model, Cloud Service Models
AWS topics for SAA-CO1 and SAA-CO2
1
Know what instance types can be launched from which types of AMIs, and which instance types require an HVM AMI
AWS HVM AMI
2
Understand bastion hosts, and which subnet one might live on. Bastion hosts are instances that sit within your public subnet and are typically accessed using SSH or RDP. Once remote connectivity has been established with the bastion host, it then acts as a ‘jump’ server, allowing you to use SSH or RDP to login to other instances (within private subnets) deeper within your network. When properly configured through the use of security groups and Network ACLs, the bastion essentially acts as a bridge to your private instances via the Internet.”
Bastion Hosts
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Know the difference between Directory Service’s AD Connector and Simple AD. Use Simple AD if you need an inexpensive Active Directory–compatible service with the common directory features. AD Connector lets you simply connect your existing on-premises Active Directory to AWS.
AD Connector and Simple AD
4
Know how to enable cross-account access with IAM: To delegate permission to access a resource, you create an IAM role that has two policies attached. The permissions policy grants the user of the role the needed permissions to carry out the desired tasks on the resource. The trust policy specifies which trusted accounts are allowed to grant its users permissions to assume the role. The trust policy on the role in the trusting account is one-half of the permissions. The other half is a permissions policy attached to the user in the trusted account that allows that user to switch to, or assume the role.
Enable cross-account access with IAM
5
Have a good understanding of how Route53 supports all of the different DNS record types, and when you would use certain ones over others.
Route 53 supports all of the different DNS record types
6
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Know which services have native encryption at rest within the region, and which do not.
AWS Services with native Encryption at rest
7
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Know which services allow you to retain full admin privileges of the underlying EC2 instances
EC2 Full admin privilege
8
Know When Elastic IPs are free or not: If you associate additional EIPs with that instance, you will be charged for each additional EIP associated with that instance per hour on a pro rata basis. Additional EIPs are only available in Amazon VPC. To ensure efficient use of Elastic IP addresses, we impose a small hourly charge when these IP addresses are not associated with a running instance or when they are associated with a stopped instance or unattached network interface.
When are AWS Elastic IPs Free or not?
9
Know what are the four high level categories of information Trusted Advisor supplies.
#AWS Trusted advisor
10
Know how to troubleshoot a connection time out error when trying to connect to an instance in your VPC. You need a security group rule that allows inbound traffic from your public IP address on the proper port, you need a route that sends all traffic destined outside the VPC (0.0.0.0/0) to the Internet gateway for the VPC, the network ACLs must allow inbound and outbound traffic from your public IP address on the proper port, etc.
#AWS Connection time out error
11
Be able to identify multiple possible use cases and eliminate non-use cases for SWF.
#AWS
12
Understand how you might set up consolidated billing and cross-account access such that individual divisions resources are isolated from each other, but corporate IT can oversee all of it.
#AWS Set up consolidated billing
13
Know how you would go about making changes to an Auto Scaling group, fully understanding what you can and can’t change. “You can only specify one launch configuration for an Auto Scaling group at a time, and you can’t modify a launch configuration after you’ve created it. Therefore, if you want to change the launch configuration for your Auto Scaling group, you must create a launch configuration and then update your Auto Scaling group with the new launch configuration. When you change the launch configuration for your Auto Scaling group, any new instances are launched using the new configuration parameters, but existing instances are not affected.
#AWS Make Change to Auto Scaling group
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Know how you would go about making changes to an Auto Scaling group, fully understanding what you can and can’t change. “You can only specify one launch configuration for an Auto Scaling group at a time, and you can’t modify a launch configuration after you’ve created it. Therefore, if you want to change the launch configuration for your Auto Scaling group, you must create a launch configuration and then update your Auto Scaling group with the new launch configuration. When you change the launch configuration for your Auto Scaling group, any new instances are launched using the new configuration parameters, but existing instances are not affected.
#AWS Make Change to Auto Scaling group
15
Know which field you use to run a script upon launching your instance.
#AWS User data script
16
Know how DynamoDB (durable, and you can pay for strong consistency), Elasticache (great for speed, not so durable), and S3 (eventual consistency results in lower latency) compare to each other in terms of durability and low latency.
#AWS DynamoDB consistency
17
Know the difference between bucket policies, IAM policies, and ACLs for use with S3, and examples of when you would use each. “With IAM policies, companies can grant IAM users fine-grained control to their Amazon S3 bucket or objects while also retaining full control over everything the users do. With bucket policies, companies can define rules which apply broadly across all requests to their Amazon S3 resources, such as granting write privileges to a subset of Amazon S3 resources. Customers can also restrict access based on an aspect of the request, such as HTTP referrer and IP address. With ACLs, customers can grant specific permissions (i.e. READ, WRITE, FULL_CONTROL) to specific users for an individual bucket or object.
#AWS Difference between bucket policies
18
Know when and how you can encrypt snapshots.
#AWS EBS Encryption
19
Understand how you can use ELB cross-zone load balancing to ensure even distribution of traffic to EC2 instances in multiple AZs registered with a load balancer.
#AWS ELB cross-zone load balancing
20
How would you allow users to log into the AWS console using active directory integration. Here is a link to some good reference material.
#AWS og into the AWS console using active directory integration
21
Spot instances are good for cost optimization, even if it seems you might need to fall back to On-Demand instances if you wind up getting kicked off them and the timeline grows tighter. The primary (but still not only) factor seems to be whether you can gracefully handle instances that die on you–which is pretty much how you should always design everything, anyway!
#AWS Spot instances
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The term “use case” is not the same as “function” or “capability”. A use case is something that your app/system will need to accomplish, not just behaviour that you will get from that service. In particular, a use case doesn’t require that the service be a 100% turnkey solution for that situation, just that the service plays a valuable role in enabling it.
#AWS use case
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There might be extra, unnecessary information in some of the questions (red herrings), so try not to get thrown off by them. Understand what services can and can’t do, but don’t ignore “obvious”-but-still-correct answers in favour of super-tricky ones.
#AWS Exam Answers: Distractors
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If you don’t know what they’re trying to ask, in a question, just move on and come back to it later (by using the helpful “mark this question” feature in the exam tool). You could easily spend way more time than you should on a single confusing question if you don’t triage and move on.
#AWS Exa: Skip Questions that are vague and come back to them later
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Some exam questions required you to understand features and use cases of: VPC peering, cross-account access, DirectConnect, snapshotting EBS RAID arrays, DynamoDB, spot instances, Glacier, AWS/user security responsibilities, etc.
#AWS
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The 30 Day constraint in the S3 Lifecycle Policy before transitioning to S3-IA and S3-One Zone IA storage classes
#AWS S3 lifecycle policy
27
Enabling Cross-region snapshot copy for an AWS KMS-encrypted cluster
Redis Auth / Amazon MQ / IAM DB Authentication
#AWS Cross-region snapshot copy for an AWS KMS-encrypted cluster
28
Know that FTP is using TCP and not UDP (Helpful for questions where you are asked to troubleshoot the network flow)
TCP and UDP
30
Kinesis Sharding:
#AWS Kinesis Sharding
31
Handling SSL Certificates in ELB ( Wildcard certificate vs SNI )
#AWS Handling SSL Certificates in ELB ( Wildcard certificate vs SNI )
32
Difference between OAI, Signed URL (CloudFront) and Pre-signed URL (S3)
#AWS Difference between OAI, Signed URL (CloudFront) and Pre-signed URL (S3)
33
Different types of Aurora Endpoints
#AWS Different types of Aurora Endpoints
34
The Default Termination Policy for Auto Scaling Group (Oldest launch configuration vs Instance Protection)
#AWS Default Termination Policy for Auto Scaling Group
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Watch Acloud Guru Videos Lectures while commuting / lunch break – Reschedule the exam if you are not yet ready
#AWS ACloud Guru
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Watch Linux Academy Videos Lectures while commuting / lunch break – Reschedule the exam if you are not yet ready
#AWS Linux Academy
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Watch Udemy Videos Lectures while commuting / lunch break – Reschedule the exam if you are not yet ready
#AWS Linux Academy
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The Udemy practice test interface is good that it pinpoints your weak areas, so what I did was to re-watch all the videos that I got the wrong answers. Since I was able to gauge my exam readiness, I decided to reschedule my exam for 2 more weeks, to help me focus on completing the practice tests.
#AWS Udemy
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Use AWS Cheatsheets – I also found the cheatsheets provided by Tutorials Dojo very helpful. In my opinion, it is better than Jayendrapatil Patil’s blog since it contains more updated information that complements your review notes.
#AWS Cheat Sheet
40
Watch this exam readiness 3hr video, it very recent webinar this provides what is expected in the exam.
#AWS Exam Prep Video
41
Start off watching Ryan’s videos. Try and completely focus on the hands on. Take your time to understand what you are trying to learn and achieve in those LAB Sessions.
#AWS Exam Prep Video
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Do not rush into completing the videos. Take your time and hone the basics. Focus and spend a lot of time for the back bone of AWS infrastructure – Compute/EC2 section, Storage (S3/EBS/EFS), Networking (Route 53/Load Balancers), RDS, VPC, Route 3. These sections are vast, with lot of concepts to go over and have loads to learn. Trust me you will need to thoroughly understand each one of them to ensure you pass the certification comfortably.
#AWS Exam Prep Video
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Make sure you go through resources section and also AWS documentation for each components. Go over FAQs. If you have a question, please post it in the community. Trust me, each answer here helps you understand more about AWS.
#AWS Faqs
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Like any other product/service, each AWS offering has a different flavor. I will take an example of EC2 (Spot/Reserved/Dedicated/On Demand etc.). Make sure you understand what they are, what are the pros/cons of each of these flavors. Applies for all other offerings too.
#AWS Services
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Ensure to attend all quizzes after each section. Please do not treat these quizzes as your practice exams. These quizzes are designed to mostly test your knowledge on the section you just finished. The exam itself is designed to test you with scenarios and questions, where in you will need to recall and apply your knowledge of different AWS technologies/services you learn over multiple lectures.
#AWS Services
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I, personally, do not recommend to attempt a practice exam or simulator exam until you have done all of the above. It was a little overwhelming for me. I had thoroughly gone over the videos. And understood the concepts pretty well, but once I opened exam simulator I felt the questions were pretty difficult. I also had a feeling that videos do not cover lot of topics. But later I realized, given the vastness of AWS Services and offerings it is really difficult to encompass all these services and their details in the course content. The fact that these services keep changing so often, does not help
#AWS Services
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Go back and make a note of all topics, that you felt were unfamiliar for you. Go through the resources section and fiund links to AWS documentation. After going over them, you shoud gain at least 5-10% more knowledge on AWS. Have expectations from the online courses as a way to get thorough understanding of basics and strong foundations for your AWS knowledge. But once you are done with videos. Make sure you spend a lot of time on AWS documentation and FAQs. There are many many topics/sub topics which may not be covered in the course and you would need to know, atleast their basic functionalities, to do well in the exam.
#AWS Services
48
Once you start taking practice exams, it may seem really difficult at the beginning. So, please do not panic if you find the questions complicated or difficult. IMO they are designed or put in a way to sound complicated but they are not. Be calm and read questions very carefully. In my observation, many questions have lot of information which sometimes is not relevant to the solution you are expected to provide. Read the question slowly and read it again until you understand what is expected out of it.
#AWS Services
49
With each practice exam you will come across topics that you may need to scale your knowledge on or learn them from scratch.
#AWS Services
50
With each test and the subsequent revision, you will surely feel more confident.
There are 130 mins for questions. 2 mins for each question which is plenty of time.
At least take 8-10 practice tests. The ones on udemy/tutorialdojo are really good. If you are a acloudguru member. The exam simulator is really good.
Manage your time well. Keep patience. I saw someone mention in one of the discussions that do not under estimate the mental focus/strength needed to sit through 130 mins solving these questions. And it is really true.
Do not give away or waste any of those precious 130 mins. While answering flag/mark questions you think you are not completely sure. My advice is, even if you finish early, spend your time reviewing the answers. I could review 40 of my answers at the end of test. And I at least rectified 3 of them (which is 4-5% of total score, I think)
So in short – Put a lot of focus on making your foundations strong. Make sure you go through AWS Documentation and FAQs. Try and envision how all of the AWS components can fit together and provide an optimal solution. Keep calm.
This video gives outline about exam, must watch before or after Ryan’s course. #AWS Services
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Walking you through how to best prepare for the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C02 exam in 5 steps:
1. Understand the exam blueprint
2. Learn about the new topics included in the SAA-C02 version of the exam
3. Use the many FREE resources available to gain and deepen your knowledge
4. Enroll in our hands-on video course to learn AWS in depth
5. Use practice tests to fully prepare yourself for the exam and assess your exam readiness
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
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Storage:
1. Know your different Amazon S3 storage tiers! You need to know the use cases, features and limitations, and relative costs; e.g. retrieval costs.
2. Amazon S3 lifecycle policies is also required knowledge — there are minimum storage times in certain tiers that you need to know.
3. For Glacier, you need to understand what it is, what it’s used for, and what the options are for retrieval times and fees.
4. For the Amazon Elastic File System (EFS), make sure you’re clear which operating systems you can use with it (just Linux).
5. For the Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS), make sure you know when to use the different tiers including instance stores; e.g. what would you use for a datastore that requires the highest IO and the data is distributed across multiple instances? (Good instance store use case)
6. Learn about Amazon FSx. You’ll need to know about FSx for Windows and Lustre.
7. Know how to improve Amazon S3 performance including using CloudFront, and byte-range fetches — check out this whitepaper.
8. Make sure you understand about Amazon S3 object deletion protection options including versioning and MFA delete.
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
53
Compute:
1. You need to have a good understanding of the options for how to scale an Auto Scaling Group using metrics such as SQS queue depth, or numbers of SNS messages.
2. Know your different Auto Scaling policies including Target Tracking Policies.
3. Read up on High Performance Computing (HPC) with AWS. You’ll need to know about Amazon FSx with HPC use cases.
4. Know your placement groups. Make sure you can differentiate between spread, cluster and partition; e.g. what would you use for lowest latency? What about if you need to support an app that’s tightly coupled? Within an AZ or cross AZ?
5. Make sure you know the difference between Elastic Network Adapters (ENAs), Elastic Network Interfaces (ENIs) and Elastic Fabric Adapters (EFAs).
6. For the Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS), make sure you understand how to assign IAM policies to ECS for providing S3 access. How can you decouple an ECS data processing process — Kinesis Firehose or SQS?
7. Make sure you’re clear on the different EC2 pricing models including Reserved Instances (RI) and the different RI options such as scheduled RIs.
8. Make sure you know the maximum execution time for AWS Lambda (it’s currently 900 seconds or 15 minutes).
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
54
Network
1. Understand what AWS Global Accelerator is and its use cases.
2. Understand when to use CloudFront and when to use AWS Global Accelerator.
3. Make sure you understand the different types of VPC endpoint and which require an Elastic Network Interface (ENI) and which require a route table entry.
4. You need to know how to connect multiple accounts; e.g. should you use VPC peering or a VPC endpoint?
5. Know the difference between PrivateLink and ClassicLink.
6. Know the patterns for extending a secure on-premises environment into AWS.
7. Know how to encrypt AWS Direct Connect (you can use a Virtual Private Gateway / AWS VPN).
8. Understand when to use Direct Connect vs Snowball to migrate data — lead time can be an issue with Direct Connect if you’re in a hurry.
9. Know how to prevent circumvention of Amazon CloudFront; e.g. Origin Access Identity (OAI) or signed URLs / signed cookies.
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
55
Databases
1. Make sure you understand Amazon Aurora and Amazon Aurora Serverless.
2. Know which RDS databases can have Read Replicas and whether you can read from a Multi-AZ standby.
3. Know the options for encrypting an existing RDS database; e.g. only at creation time otherwise you must encrypt a snapshot and create a new instance from the snapshot.
4. Know which databases are key-value stores; e.g. Amazon DynamoDB.
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
56
Application Integration
1. Make sure you know the use cases for the Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS), and Simple Notification Service (SNS).
2. Understand the differences between Amazon Kinesis Firehose and SQS and when you would use each service.
3. Know how to use Amazon S3 event notifications to publish events to SQS — here’s a good “How To” article.
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
57
Management and Governance
1. You’ll need to know about AWS Organizations; e.g. how to migrate an account between organizations.
2. For AWS Organizations, you also need to know how to restrict actions using service control policies attached to OUs.
3. Understand what AWS Resource Access Manager is.
AWS CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT SAA-C02 : HOW TO BEST PREPARE IN 5 STEPS
58
Jon Bonso list of helpful exam prep materials that you can use.
1. The official AWS SAA-C02 Certification Exam page.
2. The official AWS Exam Guide.
3. The official AWS Sample Questions
4. The official AWS Ramp-Up Guide: Architect PDF
5. Tutorials Dojo SAA-C02 Study Guide
6. Udemy Practice Exams
7. New AWS Services to prepare for:AWS Global Accelerator
8. New AWS Services to prepare for: Elastic Fabric Adapter — Amazon Web Services
9. New AWS Services to prepare for: AWS ParallelCluster – Amazon Web Services
10. New AWS Services to prepare for: Amazon FSx File Storage
Pass your SAA-C02 (AWS Solutions Architect Associate) exam with these Top 5 Resources
About this App
The AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Examination reparation and Readiness Quiz App (SAA-C01, SAA-C01, SAA) Prep App helps you prepare and train for the AWS Certification Solution Architect Associate Exam with various questions and answers dumps.
This App provide updated Questions and Answers, an Intuitive Responsive Interface allowing to browse questions horizontally and browse tips and resources vertically after completing a quiz.
Features:
- 100+ Questions and Answers updated frequently to get you AWS certified.
- Quiz with score tracker, countdown timer, highest score saving. Vie Answers after completing the quiz for each category.
- Can only see answers after completing the quiz.
- Show/Hide button option for answers. Link to PRO Version to see all answers for each category
- Ability to navigate through questions for each category using next and previous button.
- Resource info page about the answer for each category and Top 60 Tips to succeed in the exam.
- Prominent Cloud Evangelist latest tweets and Technology Latest News Feed
- The app helps you study and practice from your mobile device with an intuitive interface.
- SAA-C01 and SAA-C02 compatible
- Resource info page about the answer for each category.
- Helps you study and practice from your mobile device with an intuitive interface.
The questions and Answers are divided in 4 categories:
- Design High Performing Architectures,
- Design Cost Optimized Architectures,
- Design Secure Applications And Architectures,
- Design Resilient Architecture,
The questions and answers cover the following topics: AWS VPC, S3, DynamoDB, EC2, ECS, Lambda, API Gateway, CloudWatch, CloudTrail, Code Pipeline, Code Deploy, TCO Calculator, AWS S3, AWS DynamoDB, CloudWatch , AWS SES, Amazon Lex, AWS EBS, AWS ELB, AWS Autoscaling , RDS, Aurora, Route 53, Amazon CodeGuru, Amazon Bracket, AWS Billing and Pricing, AWS Simply Monthly Calculator, AWS cost calculator, Ec2 pricing on-demand, AWS Pricing, AWS Pay As You Go, AWS No Upfront Cost, Cost Explorer, AWS Organizations, Consolidated billing, Instance Scheduler, on-demand instances, Reserved instances, Spot Instances, CloudFront, Web hosting on S3, S3 storage classes, AWS Regions, AWS Availability Zones, Trusted Advisor, Various architectural Questions and Answers about AWS, AWS SDK, AWS EBS Volumes, EC2, S3, Containers, KMS, AWS read replicas, Cloudfront, API Gateway, AWS Snapshots, Auto shutdown Ec2 instances, High Availability, RDS, DynamoDB, Elasticity, AWS Virtual Machines, AWS Caching, AWS Containers, AWS Architecture, AWS Ec2, AWS S3, AWS Security, AWS Lambda, Bastion Hosts, S3 lifecycle policy, kinesis sharing, AWS KMS, Design High Performing Architectures, Design Cost Optimized Architectures, Design Secure Applications And Architectures, Design Resilient Architecture, AWS vs Azure vs Google Cloud, Resources, Questions, AWS, AWS SDK, AWS EBS Volumes, AWS read replicas, Cloudfront, API Gateway, AWS Snapshots, Auto shutdown Ec2 instances, High Availability, RDS, DynamoDB, Elasticity, AWS Virtual Machines, AWS Caching, AWS Containers, AWS Architecture, AWS Ec2, AWS S3, AWS Security, AWS Lambda, Load Balancing, DynamoDB, EBS, Multi-AZ RDS, Aurora, EFS, DynamoDB, NLB, ALB, Aurora, Auto Scaling, DynamoDB(latency), Aurora(performance), Multi-AZ RDS(high availability), Throughput Optimized EBS (highly sequential), SAA-CO1, SAA-CO2, Cloudwatch, CloudTrail, KMS, ElasticBeanstalk, OpsWorks, RPO vs RTO, HA vs FT, Undifferentiated Heavy Lifting, Access Management Basics, Shared Responsibility Model, Cloud Service Models, etc…
The resources sections cover the following areas: Certification, AWS training, Mock Exam Preparation Tips, Cloud Architect Training, Cloud Architect Knowledge, Cloud Technology, cloud certification, cloud exam preparation tips, cloud solution architect associate exam, certification practice exam, learn aws free, amazon cloud solution architect, question dumps, acloud guru links, tutorial dojo links, linuxacademy links, latest aws certification tweets, and post from reddit, quota, linkedin, medium, cloud exam preparation tips, aws cloud solution architect associate exam, aws certification practice exam, cloud exam questions, learn aws free, amazon cloud solution architect, amazon cloud certified solution architect associate exam questions, as certification dumps, google cloud, azure cloud, acloud, learn google cloud, learn azure cloud, cloud comparison, etc.
Abilities Validated by the Certification:
- Effectively demonstrate knowledge of how to architect and deploy secure and robust applications on AWS technologies
- Define a solution using architectural design principles based on customer requirements
- Provide implementation guidance based on best practices to the organization throughout the life cycle of the project
Recommended Knowledge for the Certification:
- One year of hands-on experience designing available, cost-effective, fault-tolerant, and scalable distributed systems on AWS.
- Hands-on experience using compute, networking, storage, and database AWS services.
- Hands-on experience with AWS deployment and management services.
- Ability to identify and define technical requirements for an AWS-based application.
- bility to identify which AWS services meet a given technical requirement.
- Knowledge of recommended best practices for building secure and reliable applications on the AWS platform.
- An understanding of the basic architectural principles of building in the AWS Cloud.
- An understanding of the AWS global infrastructure.
- An understanding of network technologies as they relate to AWS.
- An understanding of security features and tools that AWS provides and how they relate to traditional services.
Note and disclaimer: We are not affiliated with AWS or Amazon or Microsoft or Google. The questions are put together based on the certification study guide and materials available online. We also receive questions and answers from anonymous users and we vet to make sure they are legitimate. The questions in this app should help you pass the exam but it is not guaranteed. We are not responsible for any exam you did not pass.
Important: To succeed with the real exam, do not memorize the answers in this app. It is very important that you understand why a question is right or wrong and the concepts behind it by carefully reading the reference documents in the answers.
What is the AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam?
This exam validates an examinee’s ability to effectively demonstrate knowledge of how to architect and deploy secure and robust applications on AWS technologies. It validates an examinee’s ability to:
- Define a solution using architectural design principles based on customer requirements.
- Multiple-response: Has two correct responses out of five options.
There are two types of questions on the examination:
- Multiple-choice: Has one correct response and three incorrect responses (distractors).
- Provide implementation guidance based on best practices to the organization throughout the lifecycle of the project.
Select one or more responses that best complete the statement or answer the question. Distractors, or incorrect answers, are response options that an examinee with incomplete knowledge or skill would likely choose. However, they are generally plausible responses that fit in the content area defined by the test objective. Unanswered questions are scored as incorrect; there is no penalty for guessing.
To succeed with the real exam, do not memorize the answers below. It is very important that you understand why a question is right or wrong and the concepts behind it by carefully reading the reference documents in the answers.
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate info and details
The AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam is a multiple choice, multiple answer exam. Here is the Exam Overview:
- Certification Name: AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate.
- Prerequisites for the Exam: None.
- Exam Pattern: Multiple Choice Questions
- Duration: 130 mins
- Exam fees: US $150
- Exam Guide on AWS Website
- Available languages for tests: English, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese
- Read AWS whitepapers
- Register for certification account here.
- Prepare for Certification Here
Other AWS Facts and Summaries and Questions/Answers Dump
- AWS S3 facts and summaries and Q&A Dump
- AWS DynamoDB facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS EC2 facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Serverless facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Developer and Deployment Theory facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS IAM facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS vs Azure vs Google
- Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing
- Cloud Customer Insurance – Cloud Provider Insurance – Cyber Insurance
Additional Information for reference
Below are some useful reference links that would help you to learn about AWS Practitioner Exam.
- AWS certified cloud practitioner/
- certification faqs
- AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep Dumps
Other Relevant and Recommended AWS Certifications
AWS Certification Exams Roadmap[/caption]
- AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner
- AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate
- AWS Certified Developer – Associate
- AWS Certified SysOps Administrator – Associate
- AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Professional
- AWS Certified DevOps Engineer – Professional
- AWS Certified Big Data Specialty
- AWS Certified Advanced Networking.
- AWS Certified Security – Specialty
AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam Whitepapers:
AWS has provided whitepapers to help you understand the technical concepts. Below are the recommended whitepapers.
Online Training and Labs for AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Jobs
AWS Certification and Training Apps for all platforms:
AWS Cloud practitioner FREE version:
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner for the web:pwa
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for iOS
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Microsoft/Windows10
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Android (Google Play Store)
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Android (Amazon App Store)
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Android (Huawei App Gallery)
AWS Solution Architect FREE version:
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep App for iOS: https://apps.apple.com/ca/app/solution-architect-assoc-quiz/id1501225766
Solution Architect Associate for Android Google Play
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep App for the eb: Pwa
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep App for Amazon android
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Microsoft/Windows10
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Huawei App Gallery
AWS Cloud Practitioner PRO Versions:
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner PRO Exam Prep App for iOS
AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner PRO Associate Exam Prep App for android google
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Amazon android
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep App for Windows 10
AWS Certified Cloud practitioner Exam Prep PRO App for Android (Huawei App Gallery) Coming soon
AWS Solution Architect PRO
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate PRO versions for iOS
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate PRO Exam Prep App for Android google
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate PRO Exam Prep App for Windows10
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate PRO Exam Prep App for Amazon android
Huawei App Gallery: Coming soon
AWS Certified Developer Associates Free version:
AWS Certified Developer Associates for Android (Google Play)
AWS Certified Developer Associates Web/PWA
AWS Certified Developer Associates for iOs
AWS Certified Developer Associates for Android (Huawei App Gallery)
AWS Certified Developer Associates for windows 10 (Microsoft App store)
Amazon App Store: Coming soon
AWS Developer Associates PRO version
PRO version with mock exam for android (Google Play)
PRO version with mock exam ios
AWS Certified Developer Associates PRO for Android (Amazon App Store): Coming Soon
AWS Certified Developer Associates PRO for Android (Huawei App Gallery): Coming soon
How does using a VPN or Proxy or TOR or private browsing protects your online activity?


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How does using a VPN or Proxy or TOR or private browsing protects your online activity?
There are several ways that using a virtual private network (VPN), proxy, TOR, or private browsing can protect your online activity:
- VPN: A VPN encrypts your internet connection and routes your traffic through a secure server, making it harder for others to track your online activity. This can protect you from hackers, government surveillance, and other types of online threats.
- Proxy: A proxy acts as an intermediary between your device and the internet. When you use a proxy, your internet traffic is routed through the proxy server, which can mask your IP address and make it harder for others to track your online activity.
- TOR: The TOR network is a decentralized network of servers that routes your internet traffic through multiple servers to obscure your IP address and location. This can make it more difficult for others to track your online activity.
- Private browsing: Private browsing mode, also known as “incognito mode,” is a feature that is available in most modern web browsers. When you use private browsing, your web browser does not store any information about your browsing activity, including cookies, history, or cache. This can make it harder for others to track your online activity.
Overall, using a VPN, proxy, TOR, or private browsing can help protect your online activity by making it harder for others to track your internet usage and by providing an additional layer of security. However, it is important to note that these tools are not foolproof and cannot completely guarantee your online privacy. It is always a good idea to be aware of your online activity and take steps to protect your personal information.
VPNs are used to provide remote corporate employees, gig economy freelance workers and business travelers with access to software applications hosted on proprietary networks. To gain access to a restricted resource through a VPN, the user must be authorized to use the VPN app and provide one or more authentication factors, such as a password, security token or biometric data.

A VPN extends a private network across a public network, and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network. Applications running on a computing device, e.g. a laptop, desktop, smartphone, across a VPN may therefore benefit from the functionality, security, and management of the private network. Encryption is a common though not an inherent part of a VPN connection.
To ensure security, the private network connection is established using an encrypted layered tunneling protocol and VPN users use authentication methods, including passwords or certificates, to gain access to the VPN. In other applications, Internet users may secure their connections with a VPN, to circumvent geo restrictions and censorship, or to connect to proxy servers to protect personal identity and location to stay anonymous on the Internet. However, some websites block access to known VPN technology to prevent the circumvention of their geo-restrictions, and many VPN providers have been developing strategies to get around these roadblocks.
Private browsing on incognito window or inPrivate window a privacy feature in some web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Explorer, Edge). When operating in such a mode, the browser creates a temporary session that is isolated from the browser’s main session and user data. Browsing history is not saved, and local data associated with the session, such as cookies, are cleared when the session is closed.
These modes are designed primarily to prevent data and history associated with a particular browsing session from persisting on the device, or being discovered by another user of the same device. Private browsing modes do not necessarily protect users from being tracked by other websites or their internet service provider (ISP). Furthermore, there is a possibility that identifiable traces of activity could be leaked from private browsing sessions by means of the operating system, security flaws in the browser, or via malicious browser extensions, and it has been found that certain HTML5APIs can be used to detect the presence of private browsing modes due to differences in behaviour.
The question is:
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How does using a VPN or Proxy or TOR or private browsing protects your online activity?
What are the pros and cons of VPN vs Proxy?
How can VPN, Proxy, TOR, private browsing, incognito windows How does using a VPN, Proxy, TOR, private browsing, incognito windows protects your online activity? protects your online activity?
- VPN masks your real IP address by hiding it with one of its servers. As a result, no third party will be able to link your online activity to your physical location. To top it off, you avoid annoying ads and stay off the marketer’s radars.
- VPN encrypts your internet traffic in order to make it impossible for anybody to decode your sensitive information and steal your identity. You can also learn more what a development team tells about how they protect their users against data theft.
If your VPN doesn’t protect your online activities, it means there are some problems with the aforementioned protection measures. This could be:
- VPN connection disruption. Unfortunately, a sudden disruption of your connection can deanonymize you, if at this moment your device is sending or receiving IP-related requests. In order to avoid such a situation, the kill switch option should be always ON.
- DNS/IP address leakage. This problem can be caused by various reasons from configuration mistakes to a conflict between the app under discussion and some other installed software. Regardless of the reason, you will end up with otherwise perfectly working security app, which, in fact, is leaking your IP address.
- Outdated protocol. In a nutshell, it is the technology that manages the сreation of your secured connection. If your current protocol becomes obsolete, the app will not work perfectly.
- Free apps. This is about free software that makes money on your privacy. The actions of such applications are also considered as unethical and illegal. Stealing your private data and selling of it to third parties is one of them.
- User carelessness. For instance, turn on your virtual private network when you visit any website or enter your credentials. Don’t use the app sporadically.
How is a VPN different from a proxy server?
On top of serving as a proxy server, VPN provides encryption. A proxy server only hides your IP address.
Proxies are good for the low-stakes task like: watching regionally restricted videos on YouTube, creating another Gmail account when your IP limit ran out, accessing region restricted websites, bypassing content filters, request restrictions on IP.
On the other hand, proxies are not so great for the high-stakes task. As we know, proxies only act as a middleman in our Internet traffic, they only serve a webpage which we are requesting them to serve.
Just like the proxy service, a VPN makes your traffic to have appeared from the remote IP address that is not yours. But, that’s when all the similarities end.
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Unlike a proxy, VPN is set at the operating system level, it captures all the traffic coming from the device it is set up on. Whether it is your web traffic, BitTorrent client, game, or a Windows Update, it captures traffic from all the applications from your device.
Another difference between proxy and VPN is – VPN tunnels all your traffic through heavily encrypted and secure connection to the VPN server.
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This makes VPN an ideal solution high-stakes tasks where security and privacy are of paramount of importance. With VPN, neither your ISP, Government, or a guy snooping over open Wi-Fi connection can access your traffic.
What are daily use of VPN for?
There are many uses of Virtual Private Network (VPN) for normal users and company employees. Here are the list of the most common usages:
Accessing Business Networks From Any Places in the World :
This is one of the best use of VPN. It is very much helpful when you are travelling and have to complete some work. You can connect any computer to your business network from anywhere and set up your work easily. Local resources need some security so they have to be kept in VPN-only to ensure their safety.
To Hide Your Browsing Data From ISP & Local Users :
All Internet Service Providers (ISP) will log the data of your IP address. If you use the VPN then they can only see the connection of your VPN. It won’t let anyone spy on your website history.
Moreover, it secures your connection when you use a public Wi-Fi network. As you may or may not know, users on these networks can spy on your browsing history, even if you are surfing HTTPS websites. Virtual Private Networks protect your privacy on public unsecured Wi-Fi connection.
To Access Geographically Blocked Sites :
Have you ever faced a problem like “This content is not available in your country”? VPNs are the best solution to bypass these restrictions.
Some videos on YouTube will also show this restriction. VPNs are a quick fix for all these restrictions.
What about TOR and VPN? What are the Pros and Cons?
The Tor network is similar to a VPN. Messages to and from your computer pass through the Tor network rather than connecting directly to resources on the Internet. But where VPNs provide privacy, Tor provides anonymity.
Tor is free and open-source software for enabling anonymous communication. The name is derived from an acronym for the original software project name “The Onion Router”. Tor directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer overlay network consisting of more than seven thousand relays to conceal a user’s location and usage from anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace Internet activity to the user: this includes “visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms”.[ Tor’s intended use is to protect the personal privacy of its users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities from being monitored.
Tor does not prevent an online service from determining when it is being accessed through Tor. Tor protects a user’s privacy, but does not hide the fact that someone is using Tor. Some websites restrict allowances through Tor. For example, Wikipedia blocks attempts by Tor users to edit articles unless special permission is sought. Although a VPN is generally faster than Tor, using them together will slow down your internet connection and should be avoided. More is not necessarily better in this situation.
Is VPN necessary when using the deep web?
The deep web is the part of the web that can not be indexed by search machines: internal company login pages, or a school portal (the internal portal) private google sites or government pages.
The dark web is the more sinister form of the Deep Web. The dark web is more associated with illegal activity (i.e child pornography, drug dealing, hitmen etc).
A VPN is not necessary when connecting to the DEEP WEB. Please do not confuse the DEEP WEB with the DARK WEB.
Are there any good free VPN services?
It is not recommended to use free VPN for following reasons:
1- Security: Free VPNs don’t necessarily have to ensure your privacy is protected.
2- Tracking – Free VPNs have no obligation to keep your details safe, so at any point, your details could be passed on.
3- Speed / bandwidth – Some free VPN services are capped at a lower bandwidth that is you will receive less browsing or download speed to that of paid VPN.
4- Protocols supported – A free VPN may not support all necessary protocols. PPTP, OpenVPN and L2TP are generally provided only on paid VPN services.
If you are ok with the risks of using Free VPN, here are some you can try:
- TunnelBear: Secure VPN Service
- Hide.me VPN
- SurfEasy | Ultra fast, no-log private network VPN for Android, iOS, Mac & Windows
- CyberGhost Fast and Secure VPN Service
- Windscibe Free VPN and Ad Block
- OpenVPN – Open Source VPN
- SoftEther VPN Open Source
- Zenmate
- HotSpot Shield
Paid VPNs are better and give you:
- great customer support
- lighting internet speed
- user friendly design
- minimum 256-bit security
- advanced features such as P2P, double encryption, VPN over Onion etc.
Below are the top paid VPNs:
1- NordVPN – cost-effective, provides Netflix in 5 countries (US, CAN, UK, JP, NL) and does not log your info.
2- ExpressVPN – nearly 3x NordVPN’s price but guarantees Netflix in the US. Excellent customer service and claims to not log your info.
3- Private Internet Access – a U.S. based VPN that has proven its no log policy in the court of law. This is a unique selling point that 99.99% VPNs don’t have.
4- OpenVPN provides flexible VPN solutions to secure your data communications, whether it’s for Internet privacy, remote access for employees, securing IoT, or for networking Cloud data centers.
Other Questions about VPN and security:
Why might certain web sites not load with VPN?
For security, some corporations like Banks often block IP addresses used by major VPN companies, because it is thought to improve security.
Can a VPN bypass being flagged as a suspicious log-in on Facebook & Instagram?
You probably need a VPN that allow you to use dedicated IP address, otherwise the server ips are constantly switching every time you reconnect to your vpn and shared ip usually raised as suspicious logins due to many people logging in from the same ip address (which make the site thinks it might be bots or mass-hacked accounts).
How is a hacker traced when server logs show his or her IP is from a VPN?
- Start looking for IP address leaks. Even hackers are terrible at not leaking their IPs.
- Look for times the attacker forgot to enable their VPN. It happens all the time.
- Look at other things related to the attcke like domains for example. They might have registered a domain using something you can trace or they left a string in the malware that can help identify them.
- Silently take control of the command and control server legally.
What is the most secure VPN protocol?
- OpenVPN technology uses the highest levels (military standards) of encryption algorithms i.e. 256bit keys to secure your data transfers.
- OpenVPN is also known to have the fastest speeds even in the case of long distance connections that have latency. The protocol is highly recommended for streaming, downloading files and watching live TV. In addition to speeds, the protocol is stable and known to have fewer disconnections compared to its many counterparts.
- OpenVPN comes equipped with solid military grade encryption and is way better, security wise, than PPTP, L2TP/IPSec and SSTP.
What are some alternatives for VPN?
- Tor network, it is anonymous, free and well, rather slow, certainly fast enough to access your private email, but not fast enough to stream a movie.
- Proxies are remote computers that individuals or organizations use to restrict Internet access, filter content, and make Internet browsing more secure. It acts as a middleman between the end user and the web server, since all connection requests pass through it. It filters the request first then sends it to the web server. Once the web server responds, the proxy filters the response then sends it to the end user.
- IPSec (Cisco, Netgear, etc.): secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data sent over an Internet Protocol network.
- SSL (Full) like OpenVPN
- SSL (Partial) like SSL-Explorer and most appliances
- SSH Tunneling is a method of transporting arbitrary networking data over an encrypted SSH connection. It can be used to add encryption to legacy applications. It also provides a way to secure the data traffic of any given application using port forwarding, basically tunneling any TCP/IP port over SSH.
- PPTP
- L2TP (old Cisco, pre IPSec)
- DirectAccess
- Hamachi
- You can create you own VPN as well using any encryption or simple tunneling technology.
How does private browsing or incognito window work?
When you are in private browsing mode, your browser doesn’t store any of this information at all. It functions as a completely isolated browser session.
For most web browsers, their optional private mode, often also called InPrivate or incognito, is like normal browsing except for a few things.
- it uses separate temporary cookies that are deleted once the browser is closed (leaving your existing cookies unaffected)
- no private activity is logged to the browser’s history
- it often uses a separate temporary cache
What are the advantages of Google Chrome’s private browsing?
- simultaneously log into a website using different account names
- access websites without extensions (all extensions are disabled by default when in Incognito)
- Shield you from being tracked by Google, Facebook and other online advertising companies
- Allow you to be anonymous visitor to a website, or see how a personalized webpage will look like from a third-party perspective
Firefox private browsing or chrome incognito?
Mozilla doesn’t really have an incentive to spy on their users. It’s not really going to get them anything because they’re not a data broker and don’t sell ads. Couple this with the fact that Firefox is open-source and I would argue that Firefox is the clear winner here.
Chrome now prevents sites from checking for private browsing mode
Mozilla Private Network VPN gives Firefox another privacy boost
Adding a VPN to Firefox is clever because it means the privacy protection is integrated into one application rather than being spread across different services. That integration probably makes it more likely to be used by people who wouldn’t otherwise use one.
Pros and Cons of Adding VPN to browsers like Firefox and Opera:
Turning on the VPN will give users a secure connection to a trusted server when using a device connected to public Wi-Fi (and running the gamut of rogue Wi-Fi hotspots and unknown intermediaries). Many travellers use subscription VPNs when away from a home network – the Mozilla Private Network is just a simpler, zero-cost alternative.
However, like Opera’s offering, it’s not a true VPN – that is, it only encrypts traffic while using one browser, Firefox. Traffic from all other applications on the same computer won’t be secured in the same way.
As with any VPN, it won’t keep you completely anonymous. Websites you visit will see a Cloudflare IP address instead of your own, but you will still get advertising cookies and if you log in to a website your identity will be known to that site.
Additional reading:
Resources:
1- Wikipedia
2- Quora
4- Reddit
AWS Developer and Deployment Theory: Facts and Summaries and Questions/Answers


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AWS Developer and Deployment Theory: Facts and Summaries and Questions/Answers
AWS Developer – Deployment Theory Facts and summaries, Top 80 AWS Developer DVA-C02 Theory Questions and Answers Dump
Definition 1: The AWS Developer is responsible for designing, deploying, and developing cloud applications on AWS platform
Definition 2: The AWS Developer Tools is a set of services designed to enable developers and IT operations professionals practicing DevOps to rapidly and safely deliver software.
The AWS Certified Developer Associate certification is a widely recognized certification that validates a candidate’s expertise in developing and maintaining applications on the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform.
The certification is about to undergo a major change with the introduction of the new exam version DVA-C02, replacing the current DVA-C01. In this article, we will discuss the differences between the two exams and what candidates should consider in terms of preparation for the new DVA-C02 exam.
Quick facts
- What’s happening?
- The DVA-C01 exam is being replaced by the DVA-C02 exam.
- When is this taking place?
- The last day to take the current exam is February 27th, 2023 and the first day to take the new exam is February 28th, 2023.
- What’s the difference?
- The new exam features some new AWS services and features.
Main differences between DVA-C01 and DVA-C02
The table below details the differences between the DVA-C01 and DVA-C02 exams domains and weightings:
In terms of the exam content weightings, the DVA-C02 exam places a greater emphasis on deployment and management, with a slightly reduced emphasis on development and refactoring. This shift reflects the increased importance of operations and management in cloud computing, as well as the need for developers to have a strong understanding of how to deploy and maintain applications on the AWS platform.
One major difference between the two exams is the focus on the latest AWS services and features. The DVA-C02 exam covers around 57 services vs only 33 services in the DVA-C01. This reflects the rapidly evolving AWS ecosystem and the need for developers to be up-to-date with the latest services and features in order to effectively build and maintain applications on the platform.
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Training resources for the AWS Developer Associate
In terms of preparation for the DVA-C02 exam, we strongly recommend enrolling in our on-demand training courses for the AWS Developer Associate certification. It is important for candidates to familiarize themselves with the latest AWS services and features, as well as the updated exam content weightings. Practical experience working with AWS services and hands-on experimentation with new services and features will be key to success on the exam. Candidates should also focus on their understanding of security best practices, access control, and compliance, as these topics will carry a greater weight in the new exam.
Frequently asked questions – FAQs:
In conclusion, the change from the DVA-C01 to the DVA-C02 exam represents a major shift in the focus and content of the AWS Certified Developer Associate certification. Candidates preparing for the new exam should focus on familiarizing themselves with the latest AWS services and features, as well as the updated exam content weightings, and placing a strong emphasis on security, governance, and compliance.
With the right preparation and focus, candidates can successfully navigate the changes in the DVA-C02 exam and maintain their status as a certified AWS Developer Associate.
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AWS Developer and Deployment Theory Facts and summaries
- Continuous Integration is about integrating or merging the code changes frequently, at least once per day. It enables multiple devs to work on the same application.
- Continuous delivery is all about automating the build, test, and deployment functions.
- Continuous Deployment fully automates the entire release process, code is deployed into Production as soon as it has successfully passed through the release pipeline.
- AWS CodePipeline is a continuous integration/Continuous delivery service:
- It automates your end-to-end software release process based on user defines workflow
- It can be configured to automatically trigger your pipeline as soon as a change is detected in your source code repository
- It integrates with other services from AWS like CodeBuild and CodeDeploy, as well as third party custom plug-ins.
- AWS CodeBuild is a fully managed build service. It can build source code, run tests and produce software packages based on commands that you define yourself.
- Dy default the buildspec.yml defines the build commands and settings used by CodeBuild to run your build.
- AWS CodeDeploy is a fully managed automated deployment service and can be used as part of a Continuous Delivery or Continuous Deployment process.
- There are 2 types of deployment approach:
- In-place or Rolling update- you stop the application on each host and deploy the latest code. EC2 and on premise systems only. To roll back, you must re-deploy the previous version of the application.
- Blue/Green : New instances are provisioned and the new application is deployed to these new instances. Traffic is routed to the new instances according to your own schedule. Supported for EC2, on-premise systems and Lambda functions. Rollback is easy, just route the traffic back to the original instances. Blue is active deployment, green is new release.
- Docker allows you to package your software into Containers which you can run in Elastic Container Service (ECS)
- A docker Container includes everything the software needs to run including code, libraries, runtime and environment variables etc..
- A special file called Dockerfile is used to specify the instructions needed to assemble your Docker image.
- Once built, Docker images can be stored in Elastic Container Registry (ECR) and ECS can then use the image to launch Docker Containers.
- AWS CodeCommit is based on Git. It provides centralized repositories for all your code, binaries, images, and libraries.
- CodeCommit tracks and manages code changes. It maintains version history.
- CodeCommit manages updates from multiple sources and enables collaboration.
- To support CORS, API resource needs to implement an OPTIONS method that can respond to the OPTIONS preflight request with following headers:
- You have a legacy application that works via XML messages. You need to place the application behind the API gateway in order for customers to make API calls. Which of the following would you need to configure?
You will need to work with the Request and Response Data mapping. - Your application currently points to several Lambda functions in AWS. A change is being made to one of the Lambda functions. You need to ensure that application traffic is shifted slowly from one Lambda function to the other. Which of the following steps would you carry out?
- Create an ALIAS with the –routing-config parameter
- Update the ALIAS with the –routing-config parameter
- AWS CodeDeploy: The AppSpec file defines all the parameters needed for the deployment e.g. location of application files and pre/post deployment validation tests to run.
- For Ec2 / On Premise systems, the appspec.yml file must be placed in the root directory of your revision (the same folder that contains your application code). Written in YAML.
- For Lambda and ECS deployment, the AppSpec file can be YAML or JSON
- Visual workflows are automatically created when working with which Step Functions
- API Gateway stages store configuration for deployment. An API Gateway Stage refers to A snapshot of your API
- AWS SWF Services SWF guarantees delivery order of messages/tasks
- Blue/Green Deployments with CodeDeploy on AWS Lambda can happen in multiple ways. Which of these is a potential option? Linear, All at once, Canary
- X-Ray Filter Expressions allow you to search through request information using characteristics like URL Paths, Trace ID, Annotations
- S3 has eventual consistency for overwrite PUTS and DELETES.
- What can you do to ensure the most recent version of your Lambda functions is in CodeDeploy?
Specify the version to be deployed in AppSpec file.
Top
Reference: AWS Developer Tools
AWS Developer and Deployment Theory: Top 80 Questions and Answers Dump
Q0: Which AWS service can be used to compile source code, run tests and package code?
- A. CodePipeline
- B. CodeCommit
- C. CodeBuild
- D. CodeDeploy
TopQ1: How can your prevent CloudFormation from deleting your entire stack on failure? (Choose 2)
- A. Set the Rollback on failure radio button to No in the CloudFormation console
- B. Set Termination Protection to Enabled in the CloudFormation console
- C. Use the –disable-rollback flag with the AWS CLI
- D. Use the –enable-termination-protection protection flag with the AWS CLI
Q2: Which of the following practices allows multiple developers working on the same application to merge code changes frequently, without impacting each other and enables the identification of bugs early on in the release process?
- A. Continuous Integration
- B. Continuous Deployment
- C. Continuous Delivery
- D. Continuous Development
Q3: When deploying application code to EC2, the AppSpec file can be written in which language?
- A. JSON
- B. JSON or YAML
- C. XML
- D. YAML
Q4: Part of your CloudFormation deployment fails due to a mis-configuration, by defaukt what will happen?
- A. CloudFormation will rollback only the failed components
- B. CloudFormation will rollback the entire stack
- C. Failed component will remain available for debugging purposes
- D. CloudFormation will ask you if you want to continue with the deployment
Q5: You want to receive an email whenever a user pushes code to CodeCommit repository, how can you configure this?
- A. Create a new SNS topic and configure it to poll for CodeCommit eveents. Ask all users to subscribe to the topic to receive notifications
- B. Configure a CloudWatch Events rule to send a message to SES which will trigger an email to be sent whenever a user pushes code to the repository.
- C. Configure Notifications in the console, this will create a CloudWatch events rule to send a notification to a SNS topic which will trigger an email to be sent to the user.
- D. Configure a CloudWatch Events rule to send a message to SQS which will trigger an email to be sent whenever a user pushes code to the repository.
Q6: Which AWS service can be used to centrally store and version control your application source code, binaries and libraries
- A. CodeCommit
- B. CodeBuild
- C. CodePipeline
- D. ElasticFileSystem
Q7: You are using CloudFormation to create a new S3 bucket,
which of the following sections would you use to define the properties of your bucket?- A. Conditions
- B. Parameters
- C. Outputs
- D. Resources
Q8: You are deploying a number of EC2 and RDS instances using CloudFormation. Which section of the CloudFormation template
would you use to define these?
- A. Transforms
- B. Outputs
- C. Resources
- D. Instances
Q9: Which AWS service can be used to fully automate your entire release process?
- A. CodeDeploy
- B. CodePipeline
- C. CodeCommit
- D. CodeBuild
Q10: You want to use the output of your CloudFormation stack as input to another CloudFormation stack. Which sections of the CloudFormation template would you use to help you configure this?
- A. Outputs
- B. Transforms
- C. Resources
- D. Exports
Q11: You have some code located in an S3 bucket that you want to reference in your CloudFormation template. Which section of the template can you use to define this?
- A. Inputs
- B. Resources
- C. Transforms
- D. Files
Q12: You are deploying an application to a number of Ec2 instances using CodeDeploy. What is the name of the file
used to specify source files and lifecycle hooks?
- A. buildspec.yml
- B. appspec.json
- C. appspec.yml
- D. buildspec.json
Q13: Which of the following approaches allows you to re-use pieces of CloudFormation code in multiple templates, for common use cases like provisioning a load balancer or web server?
- A. Share the code using an EBS volume
- B. Copy and paste the code into the template each time you need to use it
- C. Use a cloudformation nested stack
- D. Store the code you want to re-use in an AMI and reference the AMI from within your CloudFormation template.
Q14: In the CodeDeploy AppSpec file, what are hooks used for?
- A. To reference AWS resources that will be used during the deployment
- B. Hooks are reserved for future use
- C. To specify files you want to copy during the deployment.
- D. To specify, scripts or function that you want to run at set points in the deployment lifecycle
Q15:You need to setup a RESTful API service in AWS that would be serviced via the following url https://democompany.com/customers Which of the following combination of services can be used for development and hosting of the RESTful service? Choose 2 answers from the options below
- A. AWS Lambda and AWS API gateway
- B. AWS S3 and Cloudfront
- C. AWS EC2 and AWS Elastic Load Balancer
- D. AWS SQS and Cloudfront
Q16: As a developer, you have created a Lambda function that is used to work with a bucket in Amazon S3. The Lambda function is not working as expected. You need to debug the issue and understand what’s the underlying issue. How can you accomplish this in an easily understandable way?
- A. Use AWS Cloudwatch metrics
- B. Put logging statements in your code
- C. Set the Lambda function debugging level to verbose
- D. Use AWS Cloudtrail logs
Q17: You have a lambda function that is processed asynchronously. You need a way to check and debug issues if the function fails? How could you accomplish this?
- A. Use AWS Cloudwatch metrics
- B. Assign a dead letter queue
- C. Congure SNS notications
- D. Use AWS Cloudtrail logs
Q18: You are developing an application that is going to make use of Amazon Kinesis. Due to the high throughput , you decide to have multiple shards for the streams. Which of the following is TRUE when it comes to processing data across multiple shards?
- A. You cannot guarantee the order of data across multiple shards. Its possible only within a shard
- B. Order of data is possible across all shards in a streams
- C. Order of data is not possible at all in Kinesis streams
- D. You need to use Kinesis firehose to guarantee the order of data
Q19: You’ve developed a Lambda function and are now in the process of debugging it. You add the necessary print statements in the code to assist in the debugging. You go to Cloudwatch logs , but you see no logs for the lambda function. Which of the following could be the underlying issue for this?
- A. You’ve not enabled versioning for the Lambda function
- B. The IAM Role assigned to the Lambda function does not have the necessary permission to create Logs
- C. There is not enough memory assigned to the function
- D. There is not enough time assigned to the function
Q20: Your application is developed to pick up metrics from several servers and push them off to Cloudwatch. At times , the application gets client 429 errors. Which of the following can be done from the programming side to resolve such errors?
- A. Use the AWS CLI instead of the SDK to push the metrics
- B. Ensure that all metrics have a timestamp before sending them across
- C. Use exponential backoff in your request
- D. Enable encryption for the requests
Q21: You have been instructed to use the CodePipeline service for the CI/CD automation in your company. Due to security reasons , the resources that would be part of the deployment are placed in another account. Which of the following steps need to be carried out to accomplish this deployment? Choose 2 answers from the options given below
- A. Dene a customer master key in KMS
- B. Create a reference Code Pipeline instance in the other account
- C. Add a cross account role
- D. Embed the access keys in the codepipeline process
Q22: You are planning on deploying an application to the worker role in Elastic Beanstalk. Moreover, this worker application is going to run the periodic tasks. Which of the following is a must have as part of the deployment?
- A. An appspec.yaml file
- B. A cron.yaml file
- C. A cron.cong file
- D. An appspec.json file
Q23: An application needs to make use of an SQS queue for working with messages. An SQS queue has been created with the default settings. The application needs 60 seconds to process each message. Which of the following step need to be carried out by the application.
- A. Change the VisibilityTimeout for each message and then delete the message after processing is completed
- B. Delete the message and change the visibility timeout.
- C. Process the message , change the visibility timeout. Delete the message
- D. Process the message and delete the message
Q24: AWS CodeDeploy deployment fails to start & generate following error code, ”HEALTH_CONSTRAINTS_INVALID”, Which of the following can be used to eliminate this error?
- A. Make sure the minimum number of healthy instances is equal to the total number of instances in the deployment group.
- B. Increase the number of healthy instances required during deployment
- C. Reduce number of healthy instances required during deployment
- D. Make sure the number of healthy instances is equal to the specified minimum number of healthy instances.
Q25: How are the state machines in AWS Step Functions defined?
- A. SAML
- B. XML
- C. YAML
- D. JSON
Q26:How can API Gateway methods be configured to respond to requests?
- A. Forwarded to method handlers
- B. AWS Lambda
- C. Integrated with other AWS Services
- D. Existing HTTP endpoints
Q27: Which of the following could be an example of an API Gateway Resource URL for a trucks resource?
- A. https://1a2sb3c4.execute-api.us-east-1.awsapigateway.com/trucks
- B. https://trucks.1a2sb3c4.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
- C. https://1a2sb3c4.execute-api.amazonaws.com/trucks
- D. https://1a2sb3c4.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cars
Q28: API Gateway Deployments are:
- A. A specific snapshot of your API’s methods
- B. A specific snapshot of all of your API’s settings, resources, and methods
- C. A specific snapshot of your API’s resources
- D. A specific snapshot of your API’s resources and methods
Q29: A SWF workflow task or task execution can live up to how long?
- A. 1 Year
- B. 14 days
- C. 24 hours
- D. 3 days
Q30: With AWS Step Functions, all the work in your state machine is done by tasks. These tasks performs work by using what types of things? (Choose the best 3 answers)
- A. An AWS Lambda Function Integration
- B. Passing parameters to API actions of other services
- C. Activities
- D. An EC2 Integration
Q31: How does SWF make decisions?
- A. A decider program that is written in the language of the developer’s choice
- B. A visual workflow created in the SWF visual workflow editor
- C. A JSON-defined state machine that contains states within it to select the next step to take
- D. SWF outsources all decisions to human deciders through the AWS Mechanical Turk service.
Q32: In order to effectively build and test your code, AWS CodeBuild allows you to:
- A. Select and use some 3rd party providers to run tests against your code
- B. Select a pre-configured environment
- C. Provide your own custom AMI
- D. Provide your own custom container image
Q33: X-Ray Filter Expressions allow you to search through request information using characteristics like:
- A. URL Paths
- B. Metadata
- C. Trace ID
- D. Annotations
Q34: CodePipeline pipelines are workflows that deal with stages, actions, transitions, and artifacts. Which of the following statements is true about these concepts?
- A. Stages contain at least two actions
- B. Artifacts are never modified or iterated on when used inside of CodePipeline
- C. Stages contain at least one action
- D. Actions will have a deployment artifact as either an input an output or both
Q35: When deploying a simple Python web application with Elastic Beanstalk which of the following AWS resources will be created and managed for you by Elastic Beanstalk?
- A. An Elastic Load Balancer
- B. An S3 Bucket
- C. A Lambda Function
- D. An EC2 instance
Q36: Elastic Beanstalk is used to:
- A. Deploy and scale web applications and services developed with a supported platform
- B. Deploy and scale serverless applications
- C. Deploy and scale applications based purely on EC2 instances
- D. Manage the deployment of all AWS infrastructure resources of your AWS applications
Q35: How can AWS X-Ray determine what data to collect?
- A. X-Ray applies a sampling algorithm by default
- B. X-Ray collects data on all requests by default
- C. You can implement your own sampling frequencies for data collection
- D. X-Ray collects data on all requests for services enabled with it
Q37: Which API call is used to list all resources that belong to a CloudFormation Stack?
- A. DescribeStacks
- B. GetTemplate
- C. DescribeStackResources
- D. ListStackResources
Q38: What is the default behaviour of a CloudFormation stack if the creation of one resource fails?
- A. Rollback
- B. The stack continues creating and the failed resource is ignored
- C. Delete
- D. Undo
Q39: Which AWS CLI command lists all current stacks in your CloudFormation service?
- A. aws cloudformation describe-stacks
- B. aws cloudformation list-stacks
- C. aws cloudformation create-stack
- D. aws cloudformation describe-stack-resources
Q40:
Which API call is used to list all resources that belong to a CloudFormation Stack?
- A. DescribeStacks
- B. GetTemplate
- C. ListStackResources
- D. DescribeStackResources
Q41: How does using ElastiCache help to improve database performance?
- A. It can store petabytes of data
- B. It provides faster internet speeds
- C. It can store the results of frequent or highly-taxing queries
- D. It uses read replicas
Q42: Which of the following best describes the Lazy Loading caching strategy?
- A. Every time the underlying database is written to or updated the cache is updated with the new information.
- B. Every miss to the cache is counted and when a specific number is reached a full copy of the database is migrated to the cache
- C. A specific amount of time is set before the data in the cache is marked as expired. After expiration, a request for expired data will be made through to the backing database.
- D. Data is added to the cache when a cache miss occurs (when there is no data in the cache and the request must go to the database for that data)
Q43: What are two benefits of using RDS read replicas?
- A. You can add/remove read replicas based on demand, so it creates elasticity for RDS.
- B. Improves performance of the primary database by taking workload from it
- C. Automatic failover in the case of Availability Zone service failures
- D. Allows both reads and writes
Q44: What is the simplest way to enable an S3 bucket to be able to send messages to your SNS topic?
- A. Attach an IAM role to the S3 bucket to send messages to SNS.
- B. Activate the S3 pipeline feature to send notifications to another AWS service – in this case select SNS.
- C. Add a resource-based access control policy on the SNS topic.
- D. Use AWS Lambda to receive events from the S3 bucket and then use the Publish API action to send them to the SNS topic.
Q45: You have just set up a push notification service to send a message to an app installed on a device with the Apple Push Notification Service. It seems to work fine. You now want to send a message to an app installed on devices for multiple platforms, those being the Apple Push Notification Service(APNS) and Google Cloud Messaging for Android (GCM). What do you need to do first for this to be successful?
- A. Request Credentials from Mobile Platforms, so that each device has the correct access control policies to access the SNS publisher
- B. Create a Platform Application Object which will connect all of the mobile devices with your app to the correct SNS topic.
- C. Request a Token from Mobile Platforms, so that each device has the correct access control policies to access the SNS publisher.
- D. Get a set of credentials in order to be able to connect to the push notification service you are trying to setup.
Q46: SNS message can be sent to different kinds of endpoints. Which of these is NOT currently a supported endpoint?
- A. Slack Messages
- B. SMS (text message)
- C. HTTP/HTTPS
- D. AWS Lambda
Q47: Company B provides an online image recognition service and utilizes SQS to decouple system components for scalability. The SQS consumers poll the imaging queue as often as possible to keep end-to-end throughput as high as possible. However, Company B is realizing that polling in tight loops is burning CPU cycles and increasing costs with empty responses. How can Company B reduce the number empty responses?
- A. Set the imaging queue VisibilityTimeout attribute to 20 seconds
- B. Set the imaging queue MessageRetentionPeriod attribute to 20 seconds
- C. Set the imaging queue ReceiveMessageWaitTimeSeconds Attribute to 20 seconds
- D. Set the DelaySeconds parameter of a message to 20 seconds
Q48: Which of the following statements about SQS standard queues are true?
- A. Message order can be indeterminate – you’re not guaranteed to get messages in the same order they were sent in
- B. Messages will be delivered exactly once and messages will be delivered in First in, First out order
- C. Messages will be delivered exactly once and message delivery order is indeterminate
- D. Messages can be delivered one or more times
Q49: Which of the following is true if long polling is enabled?
- A. If long polling is enabled, then each poll only polls a subset of SQS servers; in order for all messages to be received, polling must continuously occur
- B. The reader will listen to the queue until timeout
- C. Increases costs because each request lasts longer
- D. The reader will listen to the queue until a message is available or until timeout
Q50: When dealing with session state in EC2-based applications using Elastic load balancers which option is generally thought of as the best practice for managing user sessions?
- A. Having the ELB distribute traffic to all EC2 instances and then having the instance check a caching solution like ElastiCache running Redis or Memcached for session information
- B. Permanently assigning users to specific instances and always routing their traffic to those instances
- C. Using Application-generated cookies to tie a user session to a particular instance for the cookie duration
- D. Using Elastic Load Balancer generated cookies to tie a user session to a particular instance
Q51: When requested through an STS API call, credentials are returned with what three components?
- A. Security Token, Access Key ID, Signed URL
- B. Security Token, Access Key ID, Secret Access Key
- C. Signed URL, Security Token, Username
- D. Security Token, Secret Access Key, Personal Pin Code
Q52: Your application must write to an SQS queue. Your corporate security policies require that AWS credentials are always encrypted and are rotated at least once a week.
How can you securely provide credentials that allow your application to write to the queue?- A. Have the application fetch an access key from an Amazon S3 bucket at run time.
- B. Launch the application’s Amazon EC2 instance with an IAM role.
- C. Encrypt an access key in the application source code.
- D. Enroll the instance in an Active Directory domain and use AD authentication.
TopQ53: Your web application reads an item from your DynamoDB table, changes an attribute, and then writes the item back to the table. You need to ensure that one process doesn’t overwrite a simultaneous change from another process.
How can you ensure concurrency?- A. Implement optimistic concurrency by using a conditional write.
- B. Implement pessimistic concurrency by using a conditional write.
- C. Implement optimistic concurrency by locking the item upon read.
- D. Implement pessimistic concurrency by locking the item upon read.
TopQ54: Which statements about DynamoDB are true? Choose 2 answers
- A. DynamoDB uses optimistic concurrency control
- B. DynamoDB restricts item access during writes
- C. DynamoDB uses a pessimistic locking model
- D. DynamoDB restricts item access during reads
- E. DynamoDB uses conditional writes for consistency
TopQ55: Your CloudFormation template has the following Mappings section:
Which JSON snippet will result in the value “ami-6411e20d” when a stack is launched in us-east-1?
- A. { “Fn::FindInMap” : [ “Mappings”, { “RegionMap” : [“us-east-1”, “us-west-1”] }, “32”]}
- B. { “Fn::FindInMap” : [ “Mappings”, { “Ref” : “AWS::Region” }, “32”]}
- C. { “Fn::FindInMap” : [ “RegionMap”, { “Ref” : “AWS::Region” }, “32”]}
- D. { “Fn::FindInMap” : [ “RegionMap”, { “RegionMap” : “AWS::Region” }, “32”]}
TopQ56: Your application triggers events that must be delivered to all your partners. The exact partner list is constantly changing: some partners run a highly available endpoint, and other partners’ endpoints are online only a few hours each night. Your application is mission-critical, and communication with your partners must not introduce delay in its operation. A delay in delivering the event to one partner cannot delay delivery to other partners.
What is an appropriate way to code this?
- A. Implement an Amazon SWF task to deliver the message to each partner. Initiate an Amazon SWF workflow execution.
- B. Send the event as an Amazon SNS message. Instruct your partners to create an HTTP. Subscribe their HTTP endpoint to the Amazon SNS topic.
- C. Create one SQS queue per partner. Iterate through the queues and write the event to each one. Partners retrieve messages from their queue.
- D. Send the event as an Amazon SNS message. Create one SQS queue per partner that subscribes to the Amazon SNS topic. Partners retrieve messages from their queue.
Q57: You have a three-tier web application (web, app, and data) in a single Amazon VPC. The web and app tiers each span two Availability Zones, are in separate subnets, and sit behind ELB Classic Load Balancers. The data tier is a Multi-AZ Amazon RDS MySQL database instance in database subnets.
When you call the database tier from your app tier instances, you receive a timeout error. What could be causing this?- A. The IAM role associated with the app tier instances does not have rights to the MySQL database.
- B. The security group for the Amazon RDS instance does not allow traffic on port 3306 from the app
instances. - C. The Amazon RDS database instance does not have a public IP address.
- D. There is no route defined between the app tier and the database tier in the Amazon VPC.
Q58: What type of block cipher does Amazon S3 offer for server side encryption?
- A. RC5
- B. Blowfish
- C. Triple DES
- D. Advanced Encryption Standard
Q59: You have written an application that uses the Elastic Load Balancing service to spread
traffic to several web servers Your users complain that they are sometimes forced to login
again in the middle of using your application, after they have already togged in. This is not
behaviour you have designed. What is a possible solution to prevent this happening?- A. Use instance memory to save session state.
- B. Use instance storage to save session state.
- C. Use EBS to save session state
- D. Use ElastiCache to save session state.
- E. Use Glacier to save session slate.
Q60: You are writing to a DynamoDB table and receive the following exception:”
ProvisionedThroughputExceededException”. though according to your Cloudwatch metrics
for the table, you are not exceeding your provisioned throughput. What could be an
explanation for this?- A. You haven’t provisioned enough DynamoDB storage instances
- B. You’re exceeding your capacity on a particular Range Key
- C. You’re exceeding your capacity on a particular Hash Key
- D. You’re exceeding your capacity on a particular Sort Key
- E. You haven’t configured DynamoDB Auto Scaling triggers
Q61: Which DynamoDB limits can be raised by contacting AWS support?
- A. The number of hash keys per account
- B. The maximum storage used per account
- C. The number of tables per account
- D. The number of local secondary indexes per account
- E. The number of provisioned throughput units per account
TopQ62: AWS CodeBuild allows you to compile your source code, run unit tests, and produce deployment artifacts by:
- A. Allowing you to provide an Amazon Machine Image to take these actions within
- B. Allowing you to select an Amazon Machine Image and provide a User Data bootstrapping script to prepare an instance to take these actions within
- C. Allowing you to provide a container image to take these actions within
- D. Allowing you to select from pre-configured environments to take these actions within
TopQ63: Which of the following will not cause a CloudFormation stack deployment to rollback?
- A. The template contains invalid JSON syntax
- B. An AMI specified in the template exists in a different region than the one in which the stack is being deployed.
- C. A subnet specified in the template does not exist
- D. The template specifies an instance-store backed AMI and an incompatible EC2 instance type.
TopQ64: Your team is using CodeDeploy to deploy an application which uses secure parameters that are stored in the AWS System Mangers Parameter Store. What two options below must be completed so CodeDeploy can deploy the application?
- A. Use ssm get-parameters with –with-decryption option
- B. Add permissions using AWS access keys
- C. Add permissions using AWS IAM role
- D. Use ssm get-parameters with –with-no-decryption option
TopQ65: A corporate web application is deployed within an Amazon VPC, and is connected to the corporate data center via IPSec VPN. The application must authenticate against the on-premise LDAP server. Once authenticated, logged-in users can only access an S3 keyspace specific to the user. Which of the solutions below meet these requirements? Choose two answers How would you authenticate to the application given these details? (Choose 2)
- A. The application authenticates against LDAP, and retrieves the name of an IAM role associated with the user. The application then calls the IAM Security Token Service to assume that IAM Role. The application can use the temporary credentials to access the S3 keyspace.
- B. Develop an identity broker which authenticates against LDAP, and then calls IAM Security Token Service to get IAM federated user credentials. The application calls the identity broker to get IAM federated user credentials with access to the appropriate S3 keyspace
- C. Develop an identity broker which authenticates against IAM Security Token Service to assume an IAM Role to get temporary AWS security credentials. The application calls the identity broker to get AWS temporary security credentials with access to the app
- D. The application authenticates against LDAP. The application then calls the IAM Security Service to login to IAM using the LDAP credentials. The application can use the IAM temporary credentials to access the appropriate S3 bucket.
TopQ66:
A corporate web application is deployed within an Amazon VPC, and is connected to the corporate data center via IPSec VPN. The application must authenticate against the on-premise LDAP server. Once authenticated, logged-in users can only access an S3 keyspace specific to the user. Which of the solutions below meet these requirements? Choose two answers
How would you authenticate to the application given these details? (Choose 2)- A. The application authenticates against LDAP, and retrieves the name of an IAM role associated with the user. The application then calls the IAM Security Token Service to assume that IAM Role. The application can use the temporary credentials to access the S3 keyspace.
- B. Develop an identity broker which authenticates against LDAP, and then calls IAM Security Token Service to get IAM federated user credentials. The application calls the identity broker to get IAM federated user credentials with access to the appropriate S3 keyspace
- C. Develop an identity broker which authenticates against IAM Security Token Service to assume an IAM Role to get temporary AWS security credentials. The application calls the identity broker to get AWS temporary security credentials with access to the app
- D. The application authenticates against LDAP. The application then calls the IAM Security Service to login to IAM using the LDAP credentials. The application can use the IAM temporary credentials to access the appropriate S3 bucket.
TopQ67: When users are signing in to your application using Cognito, what do you need to do to make sure if the user has compromised credentials, they must enter a new password?
- A. Create a user pool in Cognito
- B. Block use for “Compromised credential” in the Basic security section
- C. Block use for “Compromised credential” in the Advanced security section
- D. Use secure remote password
Q68: You work in a large enterprise that is currently evaluating options to migrate your 27 GB Subversion code base. Which of the following options is the best choice for your organization?
- A. AWS CodeHost
- B. AWS CodeCommit
- C. AWS CodeStart
- D. None of these
Q69: You are on a development team and you need to migrate your Spring Application over to AWS. Your team is looking to build, modify, and test new versions of the application. What AWS services could help you migrate your app?
- A. Elastic Beanstalk
- B. SQS
- C. Ec2
- D. AWS CodeDeploy
Q70:
You are a developer responsible for managing a high volume API running in your company’s datacenter. You have been asked to implement a similar API, but one that has potentially higher volume. And you must do it in the most cost effective way, using as few services and components as possible. The API stores and fetches data from a key value store. Which services could you utilize in AWS?- A. DynamoDB
- B. Lambda
- C. API Gateway
- D. EC2
Q71: By default, what event occurs if your CloudFormation receives an error during creation?
- A. DELETE_IN_PROGRESS
- B. CREATION_IN_PROGRESS
- C. DELETE_COMPLETE
- D. ROLLBACK_IN_PROGRESS
TopQ72:
AWS X-Ray was recently implemented inside of a service that you work on. Several weeks later, after a new marketing push, that service started seeing a large spike in traffic and you’ve been tasked with investigating a few issues that have started coming up but when you review the X-Ray data you can’t find enough information to draw conclusions so you decide to:- A. Start passing in the X-Amzn-Trace-Id: True HTTP header from your upstream requests
- B. Refactor the service to include additional calls to the X-Ray API using an AWS SDK
- C. Update the sampling algorithm to increase the sample rate and instrument X-Ray to collect more pertinent information
- D. Update your application to use the custom API Gateway TRACE method to send in data
Q74: X-Ray metadata:
- A. Associates request data with a particular Trace-ID
- B. Stores key-value pairs of any type that are not searchable
- C. Collects at the service layer to provide information on the overall health of the system
- D. Stores key-value pairs of searchable information
TopQ75: Which of the following is the right sequence that gets called in CodeDeploy when you use Lambda hooks in an EC2/On-Premise Deployment?
- A. Before Install-AfterInstall-Validate Service-Application Start
- B. Before Install-After-Install-Application Stop-Application Start
- C. Before Install-Application Stop-Validate Service-Application Start
- D. Application Stop-Before Install-After Install-Application Start
Q76:
Describe the process of registering a mobile device with SNS push notification service using GCM.- A. Receive Registration ID and token for each mobile device. Then, register the mobile application with Amazon SNS, and pass the GCM token credentials to Amazon SNS
- B. Pass device token to SNS to create mobile subscription endpoint for each mobile device, then request the device token from each mobile device. SNS then communicates on your behalf to the GCM service
- C. None of these are correct
- D. Submit GCM notification credentials to Amazon SNS, then receive the Registration ID for each mobile device. After that, pass the device token to SNS, and SNS then creates a mobile subscription endpoint for each device and communicates with the GCM service on your behalf
Q77:
You run an ad-supported photo sharing website using S3 to serve photos to visitors of your site. At some point you find out that other sites have been linking to the photos on your site, causing loss to your business. What is an effective method to mitigate this?- A. Store photos on an EBS volume of the web server.
- B. Block the IPs of the offending websites in Security Groups.
- C. Remove public read access and use signed URLs with expiry dates.
- D. Use CloudFront distributions for static content.
Q78: How can you control access to the API Gateway in your environment?
- A. Cognito User Pools
- B. Lambda Authorizers
- C. API Methods
- D. API Stages
Q79: What kind of message does SNS send to endpoints?
- A. An XML document with parameters like Message, Source, Destination, Type
- B. A JSON document with parameters like Message, Signature, Subject, Type.
- C. An XML document with parameters like Message, Signature, Subject, Type
- D. A JSON document with parameters like Message, Source, Destination, Type
Q80: Company B provides an online image recognition service and utilizes SQS to decouple system components for scalability. The SQS consumers poll the imaging queue as often as possible to keep end-to-end throughput as high as possible. However, Company B is realizing that polling in tight loops is burning CPU cycles and increasing costs with empty responses. How can Company B reduce the number of empty responses?
- A. Set the imaging queue MessageRetentionPeriod attribute to 20 seconds.
- B. Set the imaging queue ReceiveMessageWaitTimeSeconds attribute to 20 seconds.
- C. Set the imaging queue VisibilityTimeout attribute to 20 seconds.
- D. Set the DelaySeconds parameter of a message to 20 seconds.
Top81: You’re using CloudFormation templates to build out staging environments. What section of the CloudFormation would you edit in order to allow the user to specify the PEM key-name at start time?
- A. Resources Section
- B. Parameters Section
- C. Mappings Section
- D. Declaration Section
TopQ82: You are writing an AWS CloudFormation template and you want to assign values to properties that will not be available until runtime. You know that you can use intrinsic functions to do this but are unsure as to which part of the template they can be used in. Which of the following is correct in describing how you can currently use intrinsic functions in an AWS CloudFormation template?
- A. You can use intrinsic functions in any part of a template, except AWSTemplateFormatVersion and Description
- B. You can use intrinsic functions in any part of a template.
- C. You can use intrinsic functions only in the resource properties part of a template.
- D. You can only use intrinsic functions in specific parts of a template. You can use intrinsic functions in resource properties, metadata attributes, and update policy attributes.
Top
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List of Freely available programming books - What is the single most influential book every Programmers should read
- Bjarne Stroustrup - The C++ Programming Language
- Brian W. Kernighan, Rob Pike - The Practice of Programming
- Donald Knuth - The Art of Computer Programming
- Ellen Ullman - Close to the Machine
- Ellis Horowitz - Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms
- Eric Raymond - The Art of Unix Programming
- Gerald M. Weinberg - The Psychology of Computer Programming
- James Gosling - The Java Programming Language
- Joel Spolsky - The Best Software Writing I
- Keith Curtis - After the Software Wars
- Richard M. Stallman - Free Software, Free Society
- Richard P. Gabriel - Patterns of Software
- Richard P. Gabriel - Innovation Happens Elsewhere
- Code Complete (2nd edition) by Steve McConnell
- The Pragmatic Programmer
- Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
- The C Programming Language by Kernighan and Ritchie
- Introduction to Algorithms by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest & Stein
- Design Patterns by the Gang of Four
- Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code
- The Mythical Man Month
- The Art of Computer Programming by Donald Knuth
- Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools by Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi and Jeffrey D. Ullman
- Gödel, Escher, Bach by Douglas Hofstadter
- Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship by Robert C. Martin
- Effective C++
- More Effective C++
- CODE by Charles Petzold
- Programming Pearls by Jon Bentley
- Working Effectively with Legacy Code by Michael C. Feathers
- Peopleware by Demarco and Lister
- Coders at Work by Peter Seibel
- Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!
- Effective Java 2nd edition
- Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture by Martin Fowler
- The Little Schemer
- The Seasoned Schemer
- Why's (Poignant) Guide to Ruby
- The Inmates Are Running The Asylum: Why High Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity
- The Art of Unix Programming
- Test-Driven Development: By Example by Kent Beck
- Practices of an Agile Developer
- Don't Make Me Think
- Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices by Robert C. Martin
- Domain Driven Designs by Eric Evans
- The Design of Everyday Things by Donald Norman
- Modern C++ Design by Andrei Alexandrescu
- Best Software Writing I by Joel Spolsky
- The Practice of Programming by Kernighan and Pike
- Pragmatic Thinking and Learning: Refactor Your Wetware by Andy Hunt
- Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art by Steve McConnel
- The Passionate Programmer (My Job Went To India) by Chad Fowler
- Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
- Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs
- Writing Solid Code
- JavaScript - The Good Parts
- Getting Real by 37 Signals
- Foundations of Programming by Karl Seguin
- Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice in C (2nd Edition)
- Thinking in Java by Bruce Eckel
- The Elements of Computing Systems
- Refactoring to Patterns by Joshua Kerievsky
- Modern Operating Systems by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
- The Annotated Turing
- Things That Make Us Smart by Donald Norman
- The Timeless Way of Building by Christopher Alexander
- The Deadline: A Novel About Project Management by Tom DeMarco
- The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition) by Stroustrup
- Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture
- Computer Systems - A Programmer's Perspective
- Agile Principles, Patterns, and Practices in C# by Robert C. Martin
- Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests
- Framework Design Guidelines by Brad Abrams
- Object Thinking by Dr. David West
- Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment by W. Richard Stevens
- Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age
- The Soul of a New Machine by Tracy Kidder
- CLR via C# by Jeffrey Richter
- The Timeless Way of Building by Christopher Alexander
- Design Patterns in C# by Steve Metsker
- Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carol
- Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert M. Pirsig
- About Face - The Essentials of Interaction Design
- Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations by Clay Shirky
- The Tao of Programming
- Computational Beauty of Nature
- Writing Solid Code by Steve Maguire
- Philip and Alex's Guide to Web Publishing
- Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications by Grady Booch
- Effective Java by Joshua Bloch
- Computability by N. J. Cutland
- Masterminds of Programming
- The Tao Te Ching
- The Productive Programmer
- The Art of Deception by Kevin Mitnick
- The Career Programmer: Guerilla Tactics for an Imperfect World by Christopher Duncan
- Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case studies in Common Lisp
- Masters of Doom
- Pragmatic Unit Testing in C# with NUnit by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas with Matt Hargett
- How To Solve It by George Polya
- The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho
- Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation
- Writing Secure Code (2nd Edition) by Michael Howard
- Introduction to Functional Programming by Philip Wadler and Richard Bird
- No Bugs! by David Thielen
- Rework by Jason Freid and DHH
- JUnit in Action
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Top 1000 Canada Quiz and trivia: CANADA CITIZENSHIP TEST- HISTORY - GEOGRAPHY - GOVERNMENT- CULTURE - PEOPLE - LANGUAGES - TRAVEL - WILDLIFE - HOCKEY - TOURISM - SCENERIES - ARTS - DATA VISUALIZATION

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Health Health, a science-based community to discuss human health
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Today I Learned (TIL) You learn something new every day; what did you learn today? Submit interesting and specific facts about something that you just found out here.
- TIL it would take 190 million years to read every possible permutation of Raymond Queneau's book "A Hundred Thousand Billion Poems" The book consists of 10 sonnets of 14 lines each, all sharing the same rhyme scheme and pentameter & cut to be able to mix and match poems 10x14th power different waysby /u/ssAskcuSzepS on February 9, 2025 at 2:26 am
submitted by /u/ssAskcuSzepS [link] [comments]
- TIL Washington State's admission to the union was delayed because the governor forgot to sign the state constitution.by /u/Irradiated_Apple on February 9, 2025 at 1:26 am
submitted by /u/Irradiated_Apple [link] [comments]
- TIL that Anthony W. Case had hoped of playing college baseball until he was shot in 1998, with injuries that prevented him from doing so. After this, he decided to pursue a career in astrophysics, and has since helped develop Faraday cups on space probes, including the Parker Solar Probe.by /u/The1cyone on February 9, 2025 at 12:40 am
submitted by /u/The1cyone [link] [comments]
- TIL Unix time, a concept originating from the Unix operating system developed in the 1960s, represents timestamps as the number of seconds elapsed since January 1st, 1970 at 00:00:00 UTC This method simplifies parsing and utilizing time across various systems by representing it as an integer.by /u/Deep-Bed-5607 on February 9, 2025 at 12:40 am
submitted by /u/Deep-Bed-5607 [link] [comments]
- TIL that Sikh temples can provide a free meal, a safe place, or a temporary shelter if your ever need it. Anyone can visit the temple irrespective of their native language, sexual orientation or religious beliefs abs they will never try to convert you.by /u/SuccessfulNick on February 9, 2025 at 12:38 am
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Reddit Science This community is a place to share and discuss new scientific research. Read about the latest advances in astronomy, biology, medicine, physics, social science, and more. Find and submit new publications and popular science coverage of current research.
- Researchers find high levels of industrial chemical BTMPS in fentanyl | Testing of samples contained an average of 7 times more BTMPS than fentanyl, with BTMPS sometimes accounting for more than 50% of a drug sold as “fentanyl.”by /u/FunnyGamer97 on February 9, 2025 at 12:28 am
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- Tracing gas adsorption on “crowns” of platinum and gold connected by nanotunnels | Understanding gas diffusion in nanoscale voids key to new gas technologiesby /u/FunnyGamer97 on February 9, 2025 at 12:19 am
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- In a new study, neuroscientists reveal the precise regions of the brain that suppress fear responses in mice — a finding that might help scientists to develop strategies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety in people.by /u/mvea on February 8, 2025 at 10:56 pm
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- Wound dressing uses tiny flowers to go big on killing bacteria | Scientists create a material that kills multiple types of harmful bacteria, and it does so using tiny flowers.by /u/chrisdh79 on February 8, 2025 at 9:48 pm
submitted by /u/chrisdh79 [link] [comments]
- Brain structure and connectivity linked to financial ability in middle-aged and older adults - The findings indicate that individuals with healthier brain tissue and stronger connections between specific brain regions tend to perform better on everyday financial tasks.by /u/-Mystica- on February 8, 2025 at 9:21 pm
submitted by /u/-Mystica- [link] [comments]
Reddit Sports Sports News and Highlights from the NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB, MLS, and leagues around the world.
- Austin Reaves enters hallowed Lakers territory with his 45-point barrage against the Pacersby /u/Oldtimer_2 on February 9, 2025 at 2:58 am
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- Williams-Knecht trade between Lakers, Hornets rescindedby /u/Oldtimer_2 on February 9, 2025 at 2:47 am
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- Bat boy gets drilled in the head by a foul ball while fans do the wave behind himby /u/Sandwich_Crust on February 9, 2025 at 2:21 am
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- Thomas Detry shoots 65 to take 5-shot lead into the final round of the Phoenix Openby /u/Oldtimer_2 on February 9, 2025 at 12:49 am
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- No. 6 Florida beats top-ranked Auburn 90-81 and ends the Tigers' 14-game winning streakby /u/Oldtimer_2 on February 8, 2025 at 11:24 pm
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