What are the top 5 common Python patterns when using dictionaries?
In Python, a dictionary is a data structure that allows you to store data in a key/value format. This is similar to a Map in Java. A dictionary is mutable, which means you can add, remove, and update elements in a dictionary. Dictionaries are unordered, which means that the order in which you add elements to a dictionary is not preserved. Python dictionaries are extremely versatile data structures. They can be used to store data in a variety of ways and can be manipulated to perform a wide range of operations.
There are many different ways to use dictionaries in Python. In this blog post, we will explore some of the most popular patterns for using dictionaries in Python.
The first pattern is using the in operator to check if a key exists in a dictionary. This can be helpful when you want to avoid errors when accessing keys that may not exist.
The second pattern is using the get method to access values in a dictionary. This is similar to using the in operator, but it also allows you to specify a default value to return if the key does not exist.
The third pattern is using nested dictionaries. This is useful when you need to store multiple values for each key in a dictionary.
The fourth pattern is using the items method to iterate over the key-value pairs in a dictionary. This is handy when you need to perform some operation on each pair in the dictionary.
The fifth and final pattern is using the update method to merge two dictionaries together. This can be useful when you have two dictionaries with complementary data that you want to combine into one dictionary
1) Creating a Dictionary
You can create a dictionary by using curly braces {} and separating key/value pairs with a comma. Keys must be unique and must be immutable (i.e., they cannot be changed). Values can be anything you want, including another dictionary. Here is an example of creating a dictionary:
“`
python
dict1 = {‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 2, ‘c’: 3}
“`
2) Accessing Elements in a Dictionary
You can access elements in a dictionary by using square brackets [] and the key for the element you want to access. For example:
“`python
print(dict1[‘a’]) # prints 1
“`
If the key doesn’t exist in the dictionary, you will get a KeyError. You can avoid this by using the get() method, which returns None if the key doesn’t exist in the dictionary. For example: “`python print(dict1.get(‘d’)) # prints None “`
If you want to get all of the keys or values from a dictionary, you can use the keys() or values() methods. For example:
“`python
dict = {‘key1′:’value1’, ‘key2′:’value2’, ‘key3′:’value3’}
print(dict[‘key2’]) # Output: value2“`
““
python keys = dict1.keys() # gets all of the keys
print(keys)
dict_keys([‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’])
values = dict1.values() # gets all of the values
print(values)
dict_values([1, 2, 3])
“`
3) Updating Elements in a Dictionary
You can update elements in a dictionary by using square brackets [] and assigning a new value to the key. For example:
“`
python dict1[‘a’] = 10
print(dict1[‘a’]) # prints 10
“`
You can add items to a dictionary by using the update() function. This function takes in an iterable (such as a list, string, or set) as an argument and adds each element to the dictionary as a key-value pair. If the key already exists in the dictionary, then the value of that key will be updated with the new value.
“`python
dict = {‘key1′:’value1’, ‘key2′:’value2’, ‘key3′:’value3’}
dict.update({‘key4′:’value4’, ‘key5’:’value5}) # Output: {‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: ‘value2’, ‘key3’: ‘value3’, ‘key4’: ‘value4’, ‘key5’: ‘value5’}“`
4) Deleting Elements from a Dictionary
You can delete elements from a dictionary by using the del keyword and specifying the key for the element you want to delete. For example:
“`
python del dict1[‘c’]
print(dict1) # prints {‘a’: 10, ‘b’: 2}
“ `
You can remove items from a dictionary by using either the pop() or clear() functions. The pop() function removes an item with the given key and returns its value. If no key is specified, then it removes and returns the last item in the dictionary. The clear() function removes all items from the dictionary and returns an empty dictionary {} .
“`python
dict = {‘key1′:’value1’, ‘key2′:’value2’, ‘key3′:’value3’) dict[‘key1’] # Output: value1 dict[‘key4’] # KeyError >> dict = {}; dict[‘new key’]= “new value” # Output: {‘new key’ : ‘new value’} “`
5) Looping Through Elements in a Dictionary
You can loop through elements in a dictionary by using a for loop on either the keys(), values(), or items(). items() returns both the keys and values from the dictionary as tuples (key, value). For example:
“`python for key in dict1: print(“{}: {}”.format(key, dict1[key])) #prints each key/value pair for key, value in dict1.items(): print(“{}: {}”.format(key, value)) #prints each key/value pair #prints all of the values for value in dict1 .values(): print(“{}”.format(value))
6) For iterating around a dictionary and accessing the key and value at the same time:
- for key, value in d.items():
- ….
instead of :
- for key in d:
- value = d[key]
- …
7) For getting a value if the key doesn’t exist:
- v = d.get(k, None)
instead of:
- if k in d:
- v = d[k]
- else:
- v = None
8) For collating values against keys which can be duplicated.
- from collections import defaultdict
- d = defaultdict(list)
- for key, value in datasource:
- d[key].append(value)
instead of:
- d = {}
- for key, value in datasource:
- if key in d:
- d[key].append[value]
- else:
- d[key] = [value]
9) and of course if you find yourself doing this :
- from collections import defaultdict
- d = defaultdict(int)
- for key in datasource:
- d[key] += 1
then maybe you need to do this :
- from collections import Counter
- c = Counter(datasource)
Dictionaries are one of the most versatile data structures available in Python. As you have seen from this blog post, there are many different ways that they can be used to store and manipulate data. Whether you are just starting out with Python or are an experienced programmer, understanding how to use dictionaries effectively is essential to writing efficient and maintainable code.
Dictionaries are powerful data structures that offer a lot of flexibility in how they can be used. By understanding and utilizing these common patterns, you can leverage the power of dictionaries to write more efficient and effective Python code. Thanks for reading!

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- Practices of an Agile Developer
- Don't Make Me Think
- Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices by Robert C. Martin
- Domain Driven Designs by Eric Evans
- The Design of Everyday Things by Donald Norman
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- Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art by Steve McConnel
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- The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition) by Stroustrup
- Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture
- Computer Systems - A Programmer's Perspective
- Agile Principles, Patterns, and Practices in C# by Robert C. Martin
- Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests
- Framework Design Guidelines by Brad Abrams
- Object Thinking by Dr. David West
- Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment by W. Richard Stevens
- Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age
- The Soul of a New Machine by Tracy Kidder
- CLR via C# by Jeffrey Richter
- The Timeless Way of Building by Christopher Alexander
- Design Patterns in C# by Steve Metsker
- Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carol
- Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert M. Pirsig
- About Face - The Essentials of Interaction Design
- Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations by Clay Shirky
- The Tao of Programming
- Computational Beauty of Nature
- Writing Solid Code by Steve Maguire
- Philip and Alex's Guide to Web Publishing
- Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications by Grady Booch
- Effective Java by Joshua Bloch
- Computability by N. J. Cutland
- Masterminds of Programming
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- The Art of Deception by Kevin Mitnick
- The Career Programmer: Guerilla Tactics for an Imperfect World by Christopher Duncan
- Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case studies in Common Lisp
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- Pragmatic Unit Testing in C# with NUnit by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas with Matt Hargett
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- Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation
- Writing Secure Code (2nd Edition) by Michael Howard
- Introduction to Functional Programming by Philip Wadler and Richard Bird
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- JUnit in Action
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- Texas AG’s office argues women should sue doctors — not state — over lack of abortion accessby /u/Majano57 on November 28, 2023 at 10:11 pm
submitted by /u/Majano57 [link] [comments]
- Before dying, she made a fund to cancel others' medical debt — nearly $70M worthby /u/rustyseapants on November 28, 2023 at 6:58 pm
submitted by /u/rustyseapants [link] [comments]
- Elon Musk’s Brain Implant Startup Is Ready to Start Surgeryby /u/911_reddit on November 28, 2023 at 6:53 pm
submitted by /u/911_reddit [link] [comments]
- What's causing the mysterious wave of childhood pneumonia in China?by /u/scientificamerican on November 28, 2023 at 5:56 pm
submitted by /u/scientificamerican [link] [comments]
- More than 810,000 Texas children booted from Medicaid coverageby /u/audiomuse1 on November 28, 2023 at 5:32 pm
submitted by /u/audiomuse1 [link] [comments]
- Biden looks to boost domestic drug manufacturing amid shortagesby /u/audiomuse1 on November 28, 2023 at 5:19 pm
submitted by /u/audiomuse1 [link] [comments]
- Surge in respiratory illnesses among children in China swamping hospitalsby /u/CBSnews on November 28, 2023 at 2:55 pm
submitted by /u/CBSnews [link] [comments]
- U.K. detects first human case of 'distinct' form of swine fluby /u/Bean_Tiger on November 28, 2023 at 1:53 pm
submitted by /u/Bean_Tiger [link] [comments]
Today I Learned (TIL) You learn something new every day; what did you learn today? Submit interesting and specific facts about something that you just found out here.
- TIL the state of Michigan guarantees two free meals for all public school studentsby /u/SAT0725 on November 29, 2023 at 4:21 pm
submitted by /u/SAT0725 [link] [comments]
- TIL during the filming of The Outlaw Josey Wales, Clint Eastwood persuaded the producer to fire the director and Eastwood took over the role. In response, the Directors Guild of America created the Eastwood Rule prohibiting an actor or producer from firing the director and then becoming director.by /u/trifletruffles on November 29, 2023 at 3:18 pm
submitted by /u/trifletruffles [link] [comments]
- TIL that a Florida attorney, E.E. Calloway, believed that the area around Florida’s Torreya State Park was the site of the biblical Garden of Eden and created a tourist attraction where people could tour the site. He also believed the torreya trees in the park were used to build Noah’s Ark.by /u/99titan on November 29, 2023 at 2:03 pm
submitted by /u/99titan [link] [comments]
- TIL that because baseball player Shoeless Joe Jackson was illiterate, and his wife usually signed his name, his actual autographs are very valuable. A signed photo of himself was the highest price ever paid for a sports photo, $1.47 million.by /u/thinkofanamefast on November 29, 2023 at 1:00 pm
submitted by /u/thinkofanamefast [link] [comments]
- TIL that the first Taser model used gunpowder as a propellant so it was classified as a firearm.by /u/Aberance_Off on November 29, 2023 at 12:03 pm
submitted by /u/Aberance_Off [link] [comments]
- TIL that the idea of Napoleon losing all his troops to the "Russian Winter" is a misconception. He actually lost the majority to the "Russian Summer", due to disease, starvation, heat exhaustion, desertion, and suicide. He launched his invasion in June and within two months had lost half of his men.by /u/CalvinAndHobnobs on November 29, 2023 at 11:42 am
submitted by /u/CalvinAndHobnobs [link] [comments]
- TIL: The Trauco are dwarf or goblin like creates in Chile mythology who live deep in the forest, are incredibly ugly, and have no feet. However, they are extremely alluring to young women. Since they are irresistible due to their sexual potency, the creature is used to explain unwanted pregnancies.by /u/Flares117 on November 29, 2023 at 10:52 am
submitted by /u/Flares117 [link] [comments]
- TIL that in 250 million years all continents on our planet will converge and form a new supercontinent, Pangea Ultima. This may also lead to a climate tipping point and Earth becoming uninhabitable for mammals.by /u/neromoneon on November 29, 2023 at 8:19 am
submitted by /u/neromoneon [link] [comments]
- TIL that in addition to being an award-winning comedic actress know for her various film and television roles, Julia Louis-Dreyfus is the daughter of French billionaire businessman Gérard Louis-Dreyfus.by /u/Xerxes2004 on November 29, 2023 at 5:45 am
submitted by /u/Xerxes2004 [link] [comments]
- TIL sculptor Anish Kapoor bought exclusive rights to the Vantablack, world’s “blackest black". So artist Stuart Semple developed a new pigment “pinkest pink” to rival the exclusivity of Kapoor’s black. Semple’s pigment was released on sale to anyone in the world except Anish Kapoor.by /u/rustyyryan on November 29, 2023 at 5:32 am
submitted by /u/rustyyryan [link] [comments]
- TIL: Winston Churchill wrote an estimated eight to ten million words in more than forty books, thousands of newspaper and magazine articles, and at least two film scripts. In 1953, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature.by /u/theotherbogart on November 29, 2023 at 4:16 am
submitted by /u/theotherbogart [link] [comments]
- TIL that JFK didn’t invite Sammy Davis Jr. to his 1961 inauguration as Sammy had married a white woman, and JFK was worried that the presence of an interracial couple would upset Southerners. Dean Martin, who was angered by this news, refused to attend the inauguration in solidarity with Sammy.by /u/waitingforthesun92 on November 29, 2023 at 3:21 am
submitted by /u/waitingforthesun92 [link] [comments]
- TIL that approximately 1 out of every 10 adults in the US are millionairesby /u/Keerikkadan91 on November 29, 2023 at 1:05 am
submitted by /u/Keerikkadan91 [link] [comments]
- TIL of the "Shoe Fitting Flouroscope" or "X-Ray Shoe Fitter" which existed in shoe stores up until the 70's - Allowing customers (mostly children) to look through a viewer at a live X-Ray of their feet, to see the bones of their toes and how they lined up with the stitching of the shoe's sole.by /u/RiggzBoson on November 28, 2023 at 10:44 pm
submitted by /u/RiggzBoson [link] [comments]
- TIL Ted Bundy scored 39/40 on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist which is among the highest recorded scores of any serial killerby /u/Coldblood-13 on November 28, 2023 at 10:38 pm
submitted by /u/Coldblood-13 [link] [comments]
- TIL: a Saudi Billionaire once bought diplomatic immunity from the govt of St. Lucia so he could divorce his wife without paying alimony.by /u/Libralegend on November 28, 2023 at 10:08 pm
submitted by /u/Libralegend [link] [comments]
- TIL about Deep Lake, a lake in Antarctica that has such high salinity, 10 times saltier than the oceans, that it never freezes, even in the winter. Conditions in the lake are so hostile that almost nothing can survive there.by /u/BluBeams on November 28, 2023 at 10:03 pm
submitted by /u/BluBeams [link] [comments]
- TIL that the voice of Woody Woodpecker was done by his Creator's wife. She had to do so by submitting an anonymous audition tape after Walter Lantz rejected the idea that a woman could voice the male character.by /u/Swiggy1957 on November 28, 2023 at 9:50 pm
submitted by /u/Swiggy1957 [link] [comments]
- TIL researchers testing the Infinite Monkey theorem: Not only did the monkeys produce nothing but five total pages largely consisting of the letter "S", the lead male began striking the keyboard with a stone, and other monkeys followed by urinating and defecating on the machineby /u/kevin_1994 on November 28, 2023 at 8:26 pm
submitted by /u/kevin_1994 [link] [comments]
- TIL that horizontal collaboration—French women sleeping with German occupiers—was a major contributor to young men joining the French Resistanceby /u/BlindMaestro on November 28, 2023 at 6:58 pm
submitted by /u/BlindMaestro [link] [comments]