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What are the Top 100 AWS Solutions Architect Associate Certification Exam Questions and Answers Dump SAA-C03?
AWS Certified Solutions Architects are responsible for designing, deploying, and managing AWS cloud applications. The AWS Cloud Solutions Architect Associate exam validates an examinee’s ability to effectively demonstrate knowledge of how to design and deploy secure and robust applications on AWS technologies. The AWS Solutions Architect Associate training provides an overview of key AWS services, security, architecture, pricing, and support.
An Insightful Overview of SAA-C03 Exam Topics Encountered and Reflecting on My SAA-C03 Exam Journey: From Setback to Success
The AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate (SAA-C03) Examination is a required examination for the AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Professional level. Successful completion of this examination can lead to a salary raise or promotion for those in cloud roles. Below is the Top 100 AWS solutions architect associate exam prep facts and summaries questions and answers dump.
With average increases in salary of over 25% for certified individuals, you’re going to be in a much better position to secure your dream job or promotion if you earn your AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate certification. You’ll also develop strong hands-on skills by doing the guided hands-on lab exercises in our course which will set you up for successfully performing in a solutions architect role.
AWS solutions architect associate SAA-C03 practice exam and cheat sheet 2023 pdf eBook Print Book
aws solutions architect associate SAA-C03 practice exam and flashcards 2023 pdf eBook Print Book
aws certified solutions architect pdf book 2023
aws solutions architect cheat sheet ebook 2023
The AWS Solutions Architect Associate is ideal for those performing in Solutions Architect roles and for anyone working at a technical level with AWS technologies. Earning the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate will build your credibility and confidence as it demonstrates that you have the cloud skills companies need to innovate for the future.
AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate average salary
The AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate average salary is $149,446/year
In this blog, we will help you prepare for the AWS Solution Architect Associate Certification Exam, give you some facts and summaries, provide AWS Solution Architect Associate Top Questions and Answers Dump
How long to study for the AWS Solutions Architect exam?
We recommend that you allocate at least 60 minutes of study time per day and you will then be able to complete the certification within 5 weeks (including taking the actual exam). Study times can vary based on your experience with AWS and how much time you have each day, with some students passing their exams much faster and others taking a little longer. Get our eBook here.
AWS Certified Solutions Architects are IT professionals who design cloud solutions with AWS services to meet given technical requirements. An AWS Solutions Architect Associate is expected to design and implement distributed systems on AWS that are high-performing, scalable, secure and cost optimized.
How hard is the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate exam?
The AWS Solutions Architect Associate exam is an associate-level exam that requires a solid understanding of the AWS platform and a broad range of AWS services. The AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate exam questions are scenario-based questions and can be challenging. Despite this, the AWS Solutions Architect Associate is often earned by beginners to cloud computing.
The popular AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate exam have its new version this August 2022.
AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate (SAA-C03) Exam Guide
The AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate (SAA-C03) exam is intended for individuals who perform in a solutions architect role.
The exam validates a candidate’s ability to use AWS technologies to design solutions based on the AWS Well-Architected Framework.
What is the format of the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate exam?
The SAA-C03 exam is a multiple choice examination that is 65 questions in length. You can take the exam in a testing center or using an online proctored exam from your home or office. You have 130 minutes to complete your exam and the passing mark is 720 points out of 100 points (72%). If English is not your first language you can request an accommodation when booking your exam that will qualify you for an additional 30 minutes exam extension.
The exam also validates a candidate’s ability to complete the following tasks:
• Design solutions that incorporate AWS services to meet current business requirements and future projected needs
• Design architectures that are secure, resilient, high-performing, and cost-optimized
• Review existing solutions and determine improvements
Unscored content
The exam includes 15 unscored questions that do not affect your score.
AWS collects information about candidate performance on these unscored questions to evaluate these questions for future use as scored questions. These unscored questions are not identified on the exam.
Target candidate description
The target candidate should have at least 1 year of hands-on experience designing cloud solutions that use AWS services
Your results for the exam are reported as a scaled score of 100–1,000. The minimum passing score is 720.
Your score shows how you performed on the exam as a whole and whether or not you passed. Scaled scoring models help equate scores across multiple exam forms that might have slightly different difficulty levels.
What is the passing score for the AWS Solutions Architect exam?
All AWS certification exam results are reported as a score from 100 to 1000. Your score shows how you performed on the examination as a whole and whether or not you passed. The passing score for the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate is 720 (72%).
Can I take the AWS Exam from Home?
Yes, you can now take all AWS Certification exams with online proctoring using Pearson Vue or PSI. Here’s a detailed guide on how to book your AWS exam.
Are there any prerequisites for taking the AWS Certified Solutions Architect exam?
There are no prerequisites for taking AWS exams. You do not need any programming knowledge or experience working with AWS. Everything you need to know is included in our courses. We do recommend that you have a basic understanding of fundamental computing concepts such as compute, storage, networking, and databases.
How much does the AWS Solution Architect Exam cost?
The AWS Solutions Architect Associate exam cost is $150 US.
Once you successfully pass your exam, you will be issued a 50% discount voucher that you can use towards your next AWS Exam.
For more detailed information, check out this blog article on AWS Certification Costs.
The Role of an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate
AWS Certified Solutions Architects are IT professionals who design cloud solutions with AWS services to meet given technical requirements. An AWS Solutions Architect Associate is expected to design and implement distributed systems on AWS that are high-performing, scalable, secure and cost optimized.
Content outline:
Domain 1: Design Secure Architectures 30%
Domain 2: Design Resilient Architectures 26%
Domain 3: Design High-Performing Architectures 24%
Domain 4: Design Cost-Optimized Architectures 20%
Domain 1: Design Secure Architectures
This exam domain is focused on securing your architectures on AWS and comprises 30% of the exam. Task statements include:
Task Statement 1: Design secure access to AWS resources.
Knowledge of:
• Access controls and management across multiple accounts
• AWS federated access and identity services (for example, AWS Identity and Access Management [IAM], AWS Single Sign-On [AWS SSO])
• AWS global infrastructure (for example, Availability Zones, AWS Regions)
• AWS security best practices (for example, the principle of least privilege)
• The AWS shared responsibility model
Skills in:
• Applying AWS security best practices to IAM users and root users (for example, multi-factor authentication [MFA])
• Designing a flexible authorization model that includes IAM users, groups, roles, and policies
• Designing a role-based access control strategy (for example, AWS Security Token Service [AWS STS], role switching, cross-account access)
• Designing a security strategy for multiple AWS accounts (for example, AWS Control Tower, service control policies [SCPs])
• Determining the appropriate use of resource policies for AWS services
• Determining when to federate a directory service with IAM roles
Task Statement 2: Design secure workloads and applications.
Knowledge of:
• Application configuration and credentials security
• AWS service endpoints
• Control ports, protocols, and network traffic on AWS
• Secure application access
• Security services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon Cognito, Amazon GuardDuty, Amazon Macie)
• Threat vectors external to AWS (for example, DDoS, SQL injection)
Skills in:
• Designing VPC architectures with security components (for example, security groups, route tables, network ACLs, NAT gateways)
• Determining network segmentation strategies (for example, using public subnets and private subnets)
• Integrating AWS services to secure applications (for example, AWS Shield, AWS WAF, AWS SSO, AWS Secrets Manager)
• Securing external network connections to and from the AWS Cloud (for example, VPN, AWS Direct Connect)
Task Statement 3: Determine appropriate data security controls.
Knowledge of:
• Data access and governance
• Data recovery
• Data retention and classification
• Encryption and appropriate key management
Skills in:
• Aligning AWS technologies to meet compliance requirements
• Encrypting data at rest (for example, AWS Key Management Service [AWS KMS])
• Encrypting data in transit (for example, AWS Certificate Manager [ACM] using TLS)
• Implementing access policies for encryption keys
• Implementing data backups and replications
• Implementing policies for data access, lifecycle, and protection
• Rotating encryption keys and renewing certificates
Domain 2: Design Resilient Architectures
This exam domain is focused on designing resilient architectures on AWS and comprises 26% of the exam. Task statements include:
Task Statement 1: Design scalable and loosely coupled architectures.
Knowledge of:
• API creation and management (for example, Amazon API Gateway, REST API)
• AWS managed services with appropriate use cases (for example, AWS Transfer Family, Amazon
Simple Queue Service [Amazon SQS], Secrets Manager)
• Caching strategies
• Design principles for microservices (for example, stateless workloads compared with stateful workloads)
• Event-driven architectures
• Horizontal scaling and vertical scaling
• How to appropriately use edge accelerators (for example, content delivery network [CDN])
• How to migrate applications into containers
• Load balancing concepts (for example, Application Load Balancer)
• Multi-tier architectures
• Queuing and messaging concepts (for example, publish/subscribe)
• Serverless technologies and patterns (for example, AWS Fargate, AWS Lambda)
• Storage types with associated characteristics (for example, object, file, block)
• The orchestration of containers (for example, Amazon Elastic Container Service [Amazon ECS],Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service [Amazon EKS])
• When to use read replicas
• Workflow orchestration (for example, AWS Step Functions)
Skills in:
• Designing event-driven, microservice, and/or multi-tier architectures based on requirements
• Determining scaling strategies for components used in an architecture design
• Determining the AWS services required to achieve loose coupling based on requirements
• Determining when to use containers
• Determining when to use serverless technologies and patterns
• Recommending appropriate compute, storage, networking, and database technologies based on requirements
• Using purpose-built AWS services for workloads
Task Statement 2: Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures.
Knowledge of:
• AWS global infrastructure (for example, Availability Zones, AWS Regions, Amazon Route 53)
• AWS managed services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon Comprehend, Amazon Polly)
• Basic networking concepts (for example, route tables)
• Disaster recovery (DR) strategies (for example, backup and restore, pilot light, warm standby,
active-active failover, recovery point objective [RPO], recovery time objective [RTO])
• Distributed design patterns
• Failover strategies
• Immutable infrastructure
• Load balancing concepts (for example, Application Load Balancer)
• Proxy concepts (for example, Amazon RDS Proxy)
• Service quotas and throttling (for example, how to configure the service quotas for a workload in a standby environment)
• Storage options and characteristics (for example, durability, replication)
• Workload visibility (for example, AWS X-Ray)
Skills in:
• Determining automation strategies to ensure infrastructure integrity
• Determining the AWS services required to provide a highly available and/or fault-tolerant architecture across AWS Regions or Availability Zones
• Identifying metrics based on business requirements to deliver a highly available solution
• Implementing designs to mitigate single points of failure
• Implementing strategies to ensure the durability and availability of data (for example, backups)
• Selecting an appropriate DR strategy to meet business requirements
• Using AWS services that improve the reliability of legacy applications and applications not built for the cloud (for example, when application changes are not possible)
• Using purpose-built AWS services for workloads
Domain 3: Design High-Performing Architectures
This exam domain is focused on designing high-performing architectures on AWS and comprises 24% of the exam. Task statements include:
Task Statement 1: Determine high-performing and/or scalable storage solutions.
Knowledge of:
• Hybrid storage solutions to meet business requirements
• Storage services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon S3, Amazon Elastic File System [Amazon EFS], Amazon Elastic Block Store [Amazon EBS])
• Storage types with associated characteristics (for example, object, file, block)
Skills in:
• Determining storage services and configurations that meet performance demands
• Determining storage services that can scale to accommodate future needs
Task Statement 2: Design high-performing and elastic compute solutions.
Knowledge of:
• AWS compute services with appropriate use cases (for example, AWS Batch, Amazon EMR, Fargate)
• Distributed computing concepts supported by AWS global infrastructure and edge services
• Queuing and messaging concepts (for example, publish/subscribe)
• Scalability capabilities with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, AWS Auto Scaling)
• Serverless technologies and patterns (for example, Lambda, Fargate)
• The orchestration of containers (for example, Amazon ECS, Amazon EKS)
Skills in:
• Decoupling workloads so that components can scale independently
• Identifying metrics and conditions to perform scaling actions
• Selecting the appropriate compute options and features (for example, EC2 instance types) to meet business requirements
• Selecting the appropriate resource type and size (for example, the amount of Lambda memory) to meet business requirements
Task Statement 3: Determine high-performing database solutions.
Knowledge of:
• AWS global infrastructure (for example, Availability Zones, AWS Regions)
• Caching strategies and services (for example, Amazon ElastiCache)
• Data access patterns (for example, read-intensive compared with write-intensive)
• Database capacity planning (for example, capacity units, instance types, Provisioned IOPS)
• Database connections and proxies
• Database engines with appropriate use cases (for example, heterogeneous migrations, homogeneous migrations)
• Database replication (for example, read replicas)
• Database types and services (for example, serverless, relational compared with non-relational, in-memory)
Skills in:
• Configuring read replicas to meet business requirements
• Designing database architectures
• Determining an appropriate database engine (for example, MySQL compared with
PostgreSQL)
• Determining an appropriate database type (for example, Amazon Aurora, Amazon DynamoDB)
• Integrating caching to meet business requirements
Task Statement 4: Determine high-performing and/or scalable network architectures.
Knowledge of:
• Edge networking services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon CloudFront, AWS Global Accelerator)
• How to design network architecture (for example, subnet tiers, routing, IP addressing)
• Load balancing concepts (for example, Application Load Balancer)
• Network connection options (for example, AWS VPN, Direct Connect, AWS PrivateLink)
Skills in:
• Creating a network topology for various architectures (for example, global, hybrid, multi-tier)
• Determining network configurations that can scale to accommodate future needs
• Determining the appropriate placement of resources to meet business requirements
• Selecting the appropriate load balancing strategy
Task Statement 5: Determine high-performing data ingestion and transformation solutions.
Knowledge of:
• Data analytics and visualization services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon Athena, AWS Lake Formation, Amazon QuickSight)
• Data ingestion patterns (for example, frequency)
• Data transfer services with appropriate use cases (for example, AWS DataSync, AWS Storage Gateway)
• Data transformation services with appropriate use cases (for example, AWS Glue)
• Secure access to ingestion access points
• Sizes and speeds needed to meet business requirements
• Streaming data services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon Kinesis)
Skills in:
• Building and securing data lakes
• Designing data streaming architectures
• Designing data transfer solutions
• Implementing visualization strategies
• Selecting appropriate compute options for data processing (for example, Amazon EMR)
• Selecting appropriate configurations for ingestion
• Transforming data between formats (for example, .csv to .parquet)
Domain 4: Design Cost-Optimized Architectures
This exam domain is focused optimizing solutions for cost-effectiveness on AWS and comprises 20% of the exam. Task statements include:
Task Statement 1: Design cost-optimized storage solutions.
Knowledge of:
• Access options (for example, an S3 bucket with Requester Pays object storage)
• AWS cost management service features (for example, cost allocation tags, multi-account billing)
• AWS cost management tools with appropriate use cases (for example, AWS Cost Explorer, AWS Budgets, AWS Cost and Usage Report)
• AWS storage services with appropriate use cases (for example, Amazon FSx, Amazon EFS, Amazon S3, Amazon EBS)
• Backup strategies
• Block storage options (for example, hard disk drive [HDD] volume types, solid state drive [SSD] volume types)
• Data lifecycles
• Hybrid storage options (for example, DataSync, Transfer Family, Storage Gateway)
• Storage access patterns
• Storage tiering (for example, cold tiering for object storage)
• Storage types with associated characteristics (for example, object, file, block)
Skills in:
• Designing appropriate storage strategies (for example, batch uploads to Amazon S3 compared with individual uploads)
• Determining the correct storage size for a workload
• Determining the lowest cost method of transferring data for a workload to AWS storage
• Determining when storage auto scaling is required
• Managing S3 object lifecycles
• Selecting the appropriate backup and/or archival solution
• Selecting the appropriate service for data migration to storage services
• Selecting the appropriate storage tier
• Selecting the correct data lifecycle for storage
• Selecting the most cost-effective storage service for a workload
Task Statement 2: Design cost-optimized compute solutions.
Knowledge of:
• AWS cost management service features (for example, cost allocation tags, multi-account billing)
• AWS cost management tools with appropriate use cases (for example, Cost Explorer, AWS Budgets, AWS Cost and Usage Report)
• AWS global infrastructure (for example, Availability Zones, AWS Regions)
• AWS purchasing options (for example, Spot Instances, Reserved Instances, Savings Plans)
• Distributed compute strategies (for example, edge processing)
• Hybrid compute options (for example, AWS Outposts, AWS Snowball Edge)
• Instance types, families, and sizes (for example, memory optimized, compute optimized, virtualization)
• Optimization of compute utilization (for example, containers, serverless computing, microservices)
• Scaling strategies (for example, auto scaling, hibernation)
Skills in:
• Determining an appropriate load balancing strategy (for example, Application Load Balancer [Layer 7] compared with Network Load Balancer [Layer 4] compared with Gateway Load Balancer)
• Determining appropriate scaling methods and strategies for elastic workloads (for example, horizontal compared with vertical, EC2 hibernation)
• Determining cost-effective AWS compute services with appropriate use cases (for example, Lambda, Amazon EC2, Fargate)
• Determining the required availability for different classes of workloads (for example, production workloads, non-production workloads)
• Selecting the appropriate instance family for a workload
• Selecting the appropriate instance size for a workload
Task Statement 3: Design cost-optimized database solutions.
Knowledge of:
• AWS cost management service features (for example, cost allocation tags, multi-account billing)
• AWS cost management tools with appropriate use cases (for example, Cost Explorer, AWS Budgets, AWS Cost and Usage Report)
• Caching strategies
• Data retention policies
• Database capacity planning (for example, capacity units)
• Database connections and proxies
• Database engines with appropriate use cases (for example, heterogeneous migrations, homogeneous migrations)
• Database replication (for example, read replicas)
• Database types and services (for example, relational compared with non-relational, Aurora, DynamoDB)
Skills in:
• Designing appropriate backup and retention policies (for example, snapshot frequency)
• Determining an appropriate database engine (for example, MySQL compared with PostgreSQL)
• Determining cost-effective AWS database services with appropriate use cases (for example, DynamoDB compared with Amazon RDS, serverless)
• Determining cost-effective AWS database types (for example, time series format, columnar format)
• Migrating database schemas and data to different locations and/or different database engines
Task Statement 4: Design cost-optimized network architectures.
Knowledge of:
• AWS cost management service features (for example, cost allocation tags, multi-account billing)
• AWS cost management tools with appropriate use cases (for example, Cost Explorer, AWS Budgets, AWS Cost and Usage Report)
• Load balancing concepts (for example, Application Load Balancer)
• NAT gateways (for example, NAT instance costs compared with NAT gateway costs)
• Network connectivity (for example, private lines, dedicated lines, VPNs)
• Network routing, topology, and peering (for example, AWS Transit Gateway, VPC peering)
• Network services with appropriate use cases (for example, DNS)
Skills in:
• Configuring appropriate NAT gateway types for a network (for example, a single shared NAT
gateway compared with NAT gateways for each Availability Zone)
• Configuring appropriate network connections (for example, Direct Connect compared with VPN compared with internet)
• Configuring appropriate network routes to minimize network transfer costs (for example, Region to Region, Availability Zone to Availability Zone, private to public, Global Accelerator, VPC endpoints)
• Determining strategic needs for content delivery networks (CDNs) and edge caching
• Reviewing existing workloads for network optimizations
• Selecting an appropriate throttling strategy
• Selecting the appropriate bandwidth allocation for a network device (for example, a single VPN compared with multiple VPNs, Direct Connect speed)
Which key tools, technologies, and concepts might be covered on the exam?
The following is a non-exhaustive list of the tools and technologies that could appear on the exam.
This list is subject to change and is provided to help you understand the general scope of services, features, or technologies on the exam.
The general tools and technologies in this list appear in no particular order.
AWS services are grouped according to their primary functions. While some of these technologies will likely be covered more than others on the exam, the order and placement of them in this list is no indication of relative weight or importance:
• Compute
• Cost management
• Database
• Disaster recovery
• High performance
• Management and governance
• Microservices and component decoupling
• Migration and data transfer
• Networking, connectivity, and content delivery
• Resiliency
• Security
• Serverless and event-driven design principles
• Storage
AWS Services and Features
There are lots of new services and feature updates in scope for the new AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate certification! Here’s a list of some of the new services that will be in scope for the new version of the exam:
Analytics:
• Amazon Athena
• AWS Data Exchange
• AWS Data Pipeline
• Amazon EMR
• AWS Glue
• Amazon Kinesis
• AWS Lake Formation
• Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka (Amazon MSK)
• Amazon OpenSearch Service (Amazon Elasticsearch Service)
• Amazon QuickSight
• Amazon Redshift
Application Integration:
• Amazon AppFlow
• AWS AppSync
• Amazon EventBridge (Amazon CloudWatch Events)
• Amazon MQ
• Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)
• Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS)
• AWS Step Functions
AWS Cost Management:
• AWS Budgets
• AWS Cost and Usage Report
• AWS Cost Explorer
• Savings Plans
Compute:
• AWS Batch
• Amazon EC2
• Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk
• AWS Outposts
• AWS Serverless Application Repository
• VMware Cloud on AWS
• AWS Wavelength
Containers:
• Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR)
• Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS)
• Amazon ECS Anywhere
• Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS)
• Amazon EKS Anywhere
• Amazon EKS Distro
Database:
• Amazon Aurora
• Amazon Aurora Serverless
• Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility)
• Amazon DynamoDB
• Amazon ElastiCache
• Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra)
• Amazon Neptune
• Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (Amazon QLDB)
• Amazon RDS
• Amazon Redshift
• Amazon Timestream
Developer Tools:
• AWS X-Ray
Front-End Web and Mobile:
• AWS Amplify
• Amazon API Gateway
• AWS Device Farm
• Amazon Pinpoint
Machine Learning:
• Amazon Comprehend
• Amazon Forecast
• Amazon Fraud Detector
• Amazon Kendra
• Amazon Lex
• Amazon Polly
• Amazon Rekognition
• Amazon SageMaker
• Amazon Textract
• Amazon Transcribe
• Amazon Translate
Management and Governance:
• AWS Auto Scaling
• AWS CloudFormation
• AWS CloudTrail
• Amazon CloudWatch
• AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI)
• AWS Compute Optimizer
• AWS Config
• AWS Control Tower
• AWS License Manager
• Amazon Managed Grafana
• Amazon Managed Service for Prometheus
• AWS Management Console
• AWS Organizations
• AWS Personal Health Dashboard
• AWS Proton
• AWS Service Catalog
• AWS Systems Manager
• AWS Trusted Advisor
• AWS Well-Architected Tool
Media Services:
• Amazon Elastic Transcoder
• Amazon Kinesis Video Streams
Migration and Transfer:
• AWS Application Discovery Service
• AWS Application Migration Service (CloudEndure Migration)
• AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS)
• AWS DataSync
• AWS Migration Hub
• AWS Server Migration Service (AWS SMS)
• AWS Snow Family
• AWS Transfer Family
Networking and Content Delivery:
• Amazon CloudFront
• AWS Direct Connect
• Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)
• AWS Global Accelerator
• AWS PrivateLink
• Amazon Route 53
• AWS Transit Gateway
• Amazon VPC
• AWS VPN
Security, Identity, and Compliance:
• AWS Artifact
• AWS Audit Manager
• AWS Certificate Manager (ACM)
• AWS CloudHSM
• Amazon Cognito
• Amazon Detective
• AWS Directory Service
• AWS Firewall Manager
• Amazon GuardDuty
• AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
• Amazon Inspector
• AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS)
• Amazon Macie
• AWS Network Firewall
• AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM)
• AWS Secrets Manager
• AWS Security Hub
• AWS Shield
• AWS Single Sign-On
• AWS WAF
Serverless:
• AWS AppSync
• AWS Fargate
• AWS Lambda
Storage:
• AWS Backup
• Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS)
• Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)
• Amazon FSx (for all types)
• Amazon S3
• Amazon S3 Glacier
• AWS Storage Gateway
Out-of-scope AWS services and features
The following is a non-exhaustive list of AWS services and features that are not covered on the exam.
These services and features do not represent every AWS offering that is excluded from the exam content.
Analytics:
• Amazon CloudSearch
Application Integration:
• Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow (Amazon MWAA)
AR and VR:
• Amazon Sumerian
Blockchain:
• Amazon Managed Blockchain
Compute:
• Amazon Lightsail
Database:
• Amazon RDS on VMware
Developer Tools:
• AWS Cloud9
• AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK)
• AWS CloudShell
• AWS CodeArtifact
• AWS CodeBuild
• AWS CodeCommit
• AWS CodeDeploy
• Amazon CodeGuru
• AWS CodeStar
• Amazon Corretto
• AWS Fault Injection Simulator (AWS FIS)
• AWS Tools and SDKs
Front-End Web and Mobile:
• Amazon Location Service
Game Tech:
• Amazon GameLift
• Amazon Lumberyard
Internet of Things:
• All services
Which new AWS services will be covered in the SAA-C03?
AWS Data Exchange,
AWS Data Pipeline,
AWS Lake Formation,
Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka,
Amazon AppFlow,
AWS Outposts,
VMware Cloud on AWS,
AWS Wavelength,
Amazon Neptune,
Amazon Quantum Ledger Database,
Amazon Timestream,
AWS Amplify,
Amazon Comprehend,
Amazon Forecast,
Amazon Fraud Detector,
Amazon Kendra,
AWS License Manager,
Amazon Managed Grafana,
Amazon Managed Service for Prometheus,
AWS Proton,
Amazon Elastic Transcoder,
Amazon Kinesis Video Streams,
AWS Application Discovery Service,
AWS WAF Serverless,
AWS AppSync,
Get the AWS SAA-C03 Exam Prep App on: iOS – Android – Windows 10/11
AWS solutions architect associate exam prep facts and summaries questions and answers dump – Solution Architecture Definition 1:
Solution architecture is a practice of defining and describing an architecture of a system delivered in context of a specific solution and as such it may encompass description of an entire system or only its specific parts. Definition of a solution architecture is typically led by a solution architect.
AWS solutions architect associate exam prep facts and summaries questions and answers dump – Solution Architecture Definition 2:
The AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate examination is intended for individuals who perform a solutions architect role and have one or more years of hands-on experience designing available, cost-efficient, fault-tolerant, and scalable distributed systems on AWS.
AWS solutions architect associate exam prep facts and summaries questions and answers dump – AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam Facts and Summaries (SAA-C03)
- Take an AWS Training Class
- Study AWS Whitepapers and FAQs: AWS Well-Architected webpage (various whitepapers linked)
- If you are running an application in a production environment and must add a new EBS volume with data from a snapshot, what could you do to avoid degraded performance during the volume’s first use?
Initialize the data by reading each storage block on the volume.
Volumes created from an EBS snapshot must be initialized. Initializing occurs the first time a storage block on the volume is read, and the performance impact can be impacted by up to 50%. You can avoid this impact in production environments by pre-warming the volume by reading all of the blocks. - If you are running a legacy application that has hard-coded static IP addresses and it is running on an EC2 instance; what is the best failover solution that allows you to keep the same IP address on a new instance?
Elastic IP addresses (EIPs) are designed to be attached/detached and moved from one EC2 instance to another. They are a great solution for keeping a static IP address and moving it to a new instance if the current instance fails. This will reduce or eliminate any downtime uses may experience. - Which feature of Intel processors help to encrypt data without significant impact on performance?
AES-NI - You can mount to EFS from which two of the following?
- On-prem servers running Linux
- EC2 instances running Linux
EFS is not compatible with Windows operating systems.
When a file(s) is encrypted and the stored data is not in transit it’s known as encryption at rest. What is an example of encryption at rest?
When would vertical scaling be necessary? When an application is built entirely into one source code, otherwise known as a monolithic application.
Fault-Tolerance allows for continuous operation throughout a failure, which can lead to a low Recovery Time Objective. RPO vs RTO
- High-Availability means automating tasks so that an instance will quickly recover, which can lead to a low Recovery Time Objective. RPO vs. RTO
- Frequent backups reduce the time between the last backup and recovery point, otherwise known as the Recovery Point Objective. RPO vs. RTO
- Which represents the difference between Fault-Tolerance and High-Availability? High-Availability means the system will quickly recover from a failure event, and Fault-Tolerance means the system will maintain operations during a failure.
- From a security perspective, what is a principal? An anonymous user falls under the definition of a principal. A principal can be an anonymous user acting on a system.
An authenticated user falls under the definition of a principal. A principal can be an authenticated user acting on a system.
- What are two types of session data saving for an Application Session State? Stateless and Stateful
23. It is the customer’s responsibility to patch the operating system on an EC2 instance.
24. In designing an environment, what four main points should a Solutions Architect keep in mind? Cost-efficient, secure, application session state, undifferentiated heavy lifting: These four main points should be the framework when designing an environment.
25. In the context of disaster recovery, what does RPO stand for? RPO is the abbreviation for Recovery Point Objective.
26. What are the benefits of horizontal scaling?
Vertical scaling can be costly while horizontal scaling is cheaper.
Horizontal scaling suffers from none of the size limitations of vertical scaling.
Having horizontal scaling means you can easily route traffic to another instance of a server.
Top
Reference: AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep
Top 100 AWS solutions architect associate exam prep facts and summaries questions and answers dump – SAA-C03
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Top AWS solutions architect associate exam prep facts and summaries questions and answers dump – Quizzes
A company is developing a highly available web application using stateless web servers. Which services are suitable for storing session state data? (Select TWO.)
- A. CloudWatch
- B. DynamoDB
- C. Elastic Load Balancing
- D. ElastiCache
- E. Storage Gateway
Q1: A Solutions Architect is designing a critical business application with a relational database that runs on an EC2 instance. It requires a single EBS volume that can support up to 16,000 IOPS.
Which Amazon EBS volume type can meet the performance requirements of this application?
- A. EBS Provisioned IOPS SSD
- B. EBS Throughput Optimized HDD
- C. EBS General Purpose SSD
- D. EBS Cold HDD
Q2: An application running on EC2 instances processes sensitive information stored on Amazon S3. The information is accessed over the Internet. The security team is concerned that the Internet connectivity to Amazon S3 is a security risk.
Which solution will resolve the security concern?
- A. Access the data through an Internet Gateway.
- B. Access the data through a VPN connection.
- C. Access the data through a NAT Gateway.
- D.Access the data through a VPC endpoint for Amazon S3
Q3: An organization is building an Amazon Redshift cluster in their shared services VPC. The cluster will host sensitive data.
How can the organization control which networks can access the cluster?
- A. Run the cluster in a different VPC and connect through VPC peering.
- B. Create a database user inside the Amazon Redshift cluster only for users on the network.
- C. Define a cluster security group for the cluster that allows access from the allowed networks.
- D. Only allow access to networks that connect with the shared services network via VPN.
Q4: A web application allows customers to upload orders to an S3 bucket. The resulting Amazon S3 events trigger a Lambda function that inserts a message to an SQS queue. A single EC2 instance reads messages from the queue, processes them, and stores them in an DynamoDB table partitioned by unique order ID. Next month traffic is expected to increase by a factor of 10 and a Solutions Architect is reviewing the architecture for possible scaling problems.
Which component is MOST likely to need re-architecting to be able to scale to accommodate the new traffic?
- A. Lambda function
- B. SQS queue
- C. EC2 instance
- D. DynamoDB table
Q5: An application requires a highly available relational database with an initial storage capacity of 8 TB. The database will grow by 8 GB every day. To support expected traffic, at least eight read replicas will be required to handle database reads.
Which option will meet these requirements?
- A. DynamoDB
- B. Amazon S3
- C. Amazon Aurora
- D. Amazon Redshift
Q6: How can you improve the performance of EFS?
- A. Use an instance-store backed EC2 instance.
- B. Provision more throughput than is required.
- C. Divide your files system into multiple smaller file systems.
- D. Provision higher IOPs for your EFS.
Q7:
If you are designing an application that requires fast (10 – 25Gbps), low-latency connections between EC2 instances, what EC2 feature should you use?
- A. Snapshots
- B. Instance store volumes
- C. Placement groups
- D. IOPS provisioned instances.
Q8: A Solution Architect is designing an online shopping application running in a VPC on EC2 instances behind an ELB Application Load Balancer. The instances run in an Auto Scaling group across multiple Availability Zones. The application tier must read and write data to a customer managed database cluster. There should be no access to the database from the Internet, but the cluster must be able to obtain software patches from the Internet.
Which VPC design meets these requirements?
- A. Public subnets for both the application tier and the database cluster
- B. Public subnets for the application tier, and private subnets for the database cluster
- C. Public subnets for the application tier and NAT Gateway, and private subnets for the database cluster
- D. Public subnets for the application tier, and private subnets for the database cluster and NAT Gateway
Q9: What command should you run on a running instance if you want to view its user data (that is used at launch)?
- A. curl http://254.169.254.169/latest/user-data
- B. curl http://localhost/latest/meta-data/bootstrap
- C. curl http://localhost/latest/user-data
- D. curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data
Q10: A company is developing a highly available web application using stateless web servers. Which services are suitable for storing session state data? (Select TWO.)
- A. CloudWatch
- B. DynamoDB
- C. Elastic Load Balancing
- D. ElastiCache
- E. Storage Gateway
Q11: From a security perspective, what is a principal?
- A. An identity
- B. An anonymous user
- C. An authenticated user
- D. A resource
Q12: What are the characteristics of a tiered application?
- A. All three application layers are on the same instance
- B. The presentation tier is on an isolated instance than the logic layer
- C. None of the tiers can be cloned
- D. The logic layer is on an isolated instance than the data layer
- E. Additional machines can be added to help the application by implementing horizontal scaling
- F. Incapable of horizontal scaling
Q13: When using horizontal scaling, how can a server’s capacity closely match it’s rising demand?
A. By frequently purchasing additional instances and smaller resources
B. By purchasing more resources very far in advance
C. By purchasing more resources after demand has risen
D. It is not possible to predict demand
Q14: What is the concept behind AWS’ Well-Architected Framework?
A. It’s a set of best practice areas, principles, and concepts that can help you implement effective AWS solutions.
B. It’s a set of best practice areas, principles, and concepts that can help you implement effective solutions tailored to your specific business.
C. It’s a set of best practice areas, principles, and concepts that can help you implement effective solutions from another web host.
D. It’s a set of best practice areas, principles, and concepts that can help you implement effective E-Commerce solutions.
Question 127: Which options are examples of steps you take to protect your serverless application from attacks? (Select FOUR.)
A. Update your operating system with the latest patches.
B. Configure geoblocking on Amazon CloudFront in front of regional API endpoints.
C. Disable origin access identity on Amazon S3.
D. Disable CORS on your APIs.
E. Use resource policies to limit access to your APIs to users from a specified account.
F. Filter out specific traffic patterns with AWS WAF.
G. Parameterize queries so that your Lambda function expects a single input.
Question 128: Which options reflect best practices for automating your deployment pipeline with serverless applications? (Select TWO.)
A. Select one deployment framework and use it for all of your deployments for consistency.
B. Use different AWS accounts for each environment in your deployment pipeline.
C. Use AWS SAM to configure safe deployments and include pre- and post-traffic tests.
D. Create a specific AWS SAM template to match each environment to keep them distinct.
Question 129: Your application needs to connect to an Amazon RDS instance on the backend. What is the best recommendation to the developer whose function must read from and write to the Amazon RDS instance?
A. Use reserved concurrency to limit the number of concurrent functions that would try to write to the database
B. Use the database proxy feature to provide connection pooling for the functions
C. Initialize the number of connections you want outside of the handler
D. Use the database TTL setting to clean up connections
Question 130: A company runs a cron job on an Amazon EC2 instance on a predefined schedule. The cron job calls a bash script that encrypts a 2 KB file. A security engineer creates an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) CMK with a key policy.
The key policy and the EC2 instance role have the necessary configuration for this job.
Which process should the bash script use to encrypt the file?
A) Use the aws kms encrypt command to encrypt the file by using the existing CMK.
B) Use the aws kms create-grant command to generate a grant for the existing CMK.
C) Use the aws kms encrypt command to generate a data key. Use the plaintext data key to encrypt the file.
D) Use the aws kms generate-data-key command to generate a data key. Use the encrypted data key to encrypt the file.
Question 131: A Security engineer must develop an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) strategy for a company’s organization in AWS Organizations. The company needs to give developers autonomy to develop and test their applications on AWS, but the company also needs to implement security guardrails to help protect itself. The company creates and distributes applications with different levels of data classification and types. The solution must maximize scalability.
Which combination of steps should the security engineer take to meet these requirements? (Choose three.)
A) Create an SCP to restrict access to highly privileged or unauthorized actions to specific AM principals. Assign the SCP to the appropriate AWS accounts.
B) Create an IAM permissions boundary to allow access to specific actions and IAM principals. Assign the IAM permissions boundary to all AM principals within the organization
C) Create a delegated IAM role that has capabilities to create other IAM roles. Use the delegated IAM role to provision IAM principals by following the principle of least privilege.
D) Create OUs based on data classification and type. Add the AWS accounts to the appropriate OU. Provide developers access to the AWS accounts based on business need.
E) Create IAM groups based on data classification and type. Add only the required developers’ IAM role to the IAM groups within each AWS account.
F) Create IAM policies based on data classification and type. Add the minimum required IAM policies to the developers’ IAM role within each AWS account.
Question 132: A company is ready to deploy a public web application. The company will use AWS and will host the application on an Amazon EC2 instance. The company must use SSL/TLS encryption. The company is already using AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) and will export a certificate for use with the deployment.
How can a security engineer deploy the application to meet these requirements?
A) Put the EC2 instance behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). In the EC2 console, associate the certificate with the ALB by choosing HTTPS and 443.
B) Put the EC2 instance behind a Network Load Balancer. Associate the certificate with the EC2 instance.
C) Put the EC2 instance behind a Network Load Balancer (NLB). In the EC2 console, associate the certificate with the NLB by choosing HTTPS and 443.
D) Put the EC2 instance behind an Application Load Balancer. Associate the certificate with the EC2 instance.
What are the 6 pillars of a well architected framework:
AWS Well-Architected helps cloud architects build secure, high-performing, resilient, and efficient infrastructure for their applications and workloads. Based on five pillars — operational excellence, security, reliability, performance efficiency, and cost optimization — AWS Well-Architected provides a consistent approach for customers and partners to evaluate architectures, and implement designs that can scale over time.
1. Operational Excellence
The operational excellence pillar includes the ability to run and monitor systems to deliver business value and to continually improve supporting processes and procedures. You can find prescriptive guidance on implementation in the Operational Excellence Pillar whitepaper.
2. Security
The security pillar includes the ability to protect information, systems, and assets while delivering business value through risk assessments and mitigation strategies. You can find prescriptive guidance on implementation in the Security Pillar whitepaper.
3. Reliability
The reliability pillar includes the ability of a system to recover from infrastructure or service disruptions, dynamically acquire computing resources to meet demand, and mitigate disruptions such as misconfigurations or transient network issues. You can find prescriptive guidance on implementation in the Reliability Pillar whitepaper.
4. Performance Efficiency
The performance efficiency pillar includes the ability to use computing resources efficiently to meet system requirements and to maintain that efficiency as demand changes and technologies evolve. You can find prescriptive guidance on implementation in the Performance Efficiency Pillar whitepaper.
5. Cost Optimization
The cost optimization pillar includes the ability to avoid or eliminate unneeded cost or suboptimal resources. You can find prescriptive guidance on implementation in the Cost Optimization Pillar whitepaper.
6. Sustainability
- The ability to increase efficiency across all components of a workload by maximizing the benefits from the provisioned resources.
- There are six best practice areas for sustainability in the cloud:
- Region Selection – AWS Global Infrastructure
- User Behavior Patterns – Auto Scaling, Elastic Load Balancing
- Software and Architecture Patterns – AWS Design Principles
- Data Patterns – Amazon EBS, Amazon EFS, Amazon FSx, Amazon S3
- Hardware Patterns – Amazon EC2, AWS Elastic Beanstalk
- Development and Deployment Process – AWS CloudFormation
- Key AWS service:
- Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling
Source: 6 pillards of AWs Well architected Framework
The AWS Well-Architected Framework provides architectural best practices across the five pillars for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The framework provides a set of questions that allows you to review an existing or proposed architecture. It also provides a set of AWS best practices for each pillar.
Using the Framework in your architecture helps you produce stable and efficient systems, which allows you to focus on functional requirements.
Other AWS Facts and Summaries and Questions/Answers Dump
- AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep App
- AWS S3 facts and summaries and Q&A Dump
- AWS DynamoDB facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS EC2 facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Serverless facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Developer and Deployment Theory facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS IAM facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Lambda facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS SQS facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS RDS facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS ECS facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS CloudWatch facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS SES facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS EBS facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS ELB facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Autoscaling facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS VPC facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS KMS facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS Elastic Beanstalk facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS CodeBuild facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS CodeDeploy facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
- AWS CodePipeline facts and summaries and Questions and Answers Dump
What means undifferentiated heavy lifting?
The reality, of course, today is that if you come up with a great idea you don’t get to go quickly to a successful product. There’s a lot of undifferentiated heavy lifting that stands between your idea and that success. The kinds of things that I’m talking about when I say undifferentiated heavy lifting are things like these: figuring out which servers to buy, how many of them to buy, what time line to buy them.
Eventually you end up with heterogeneous hardware and you have to match that. You have to think about backup scenarios if you lose your data center or lose connectivity to a data center. Eventually you have to move facilities. There’s negotiations to be done. It’s a very complex set of activities that really is a big driver of ultimate success.
But they are undifferentiated from, it’s not the heart of, your idea. We call this muck. And it gets worse because what really happens is you don’t have to do this one time. You have to drive this loop. After you get your first version of your idea out into the marketplace, you’ve done all that undifferentiated heavy lifting, you find out that you have to cycle back. Change your idea. The winners are the ones that can cycle this loop the fastest.
On every cycle of this loop you have this undifferentiated heavy lifting, or muck, that you have to contend with. I believe that for most companies, and it’s certainly true at Amazon, that 70% of your time, energy, and dollars go into the undifferentiated heavy lifting and only 30% of your energy, time, and dollars gets to go into the core kernel of your idea.
I think what people are excited about is that they’re going to get a chance they see a future where they may be able to invert those two. Where they may be able to spend 70% of their time, energy and dollars on the differentiated part of what they’re doing.
AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associates Questions and Answers around the web.
Testimonial: Passed SAA-C02!
So my exam was yesterday and I got the results in 24 hours. I think that’s how they review all saa exams, not showing the results right away anymore.
I scored 858. Was practicing with Stephan’s udemy lectures and Bonso exam tests. My test results were as follows Test 1. 63%, 93% Test 2. 67%, 87% Test 3. 81 % Test 4. 72% Test 5. 75 % Test 6. 81% Stephan’s test. 80%
I was reading all question explanations (even the ones I got correct)
The actual exam was pretty much similar to these. The topics I got were:
A lot of S3 (make sure you know all of it from head to toes)
VPC peering
DataSync and Database Migration Service in same questions. Make sure you know the difference
One EKS question
2-3 KMS questions
Security group question
A lot of RDS Multi-AZ
SQS + SNS fan out pattern
ECS microservice architecture question
Route 53
NAT gateway
And that’s all I can remember)
I took extra 30 minutes, because English is not my native language and I had plenty of time to think and then review flagged questions.
Good luck with your exams guys!
Testimonial: Passed SAA-C02
Hey guys, just giving my update so all of you guys working towards your certs can stay motivated as these success stories drove me to reach this goal.
Background: 12 years of military IT experience, never worked with the cloud. I’ve done 7 deployments (that is a lot in 12 years), at which point I came home from the last one burnt out with a family that barely knew me. I knew I needed a change, but had no clue where to start or what I wanted to do. I wasn’t really interested in IT but I knew it’d pay the bills. After seeing videos about people in IT working from home(which after 8+ years of being gone from home really appealed to me), I stumbled across a video about a Solutions Architect’s daily routine working from home and got me interested in AWS.
AWS Solutions Architect SAA Certification Preparation time: It took me 68 days straight of hard work to pass this exam with confidence. No rest days, more than 120 pages of hand-written notes and hundreds and hundreds of flash cards.
In the beginning, I hopped on Stephane Maarek’s course for the CCP exam just to see if it was for me. I did the course in about a week and then after doing some research on here, got the CCP Practice exams from tutorialsdojo.com Two weeks after starting the Udemy course, I passed the exam. By that point, I’d already done lots of research on the different career paths and the best way to study, etc.
Cantrill(10/10) – That same day, I hopped onto Cantrill’s course for the SAA and got to work. Somebody had mentioned that by doing his courses you’d be over-prepared for the exam. While I think a combination of material is really important for passing the certification with confidence, I can say without a doubt Cantrill’s courses got me 85-90% of the way there. His forum is also amazing, and has directly contributed to me talking with somebody who works at AWS to land me a job, which makes the money I spent on all of his courses A STEAL. As I continue my journey (up next is SA Pro), I will be using all of his courses.
Neal Davis(8/10) – After completing Cantrill’s course, I found myself needing a resource to reinforce all the material I’d just learned. AWS is an expansive platform and the many intricacies of the different services can be tricky. For this portion, I relied on Neal Davis’s Training Notes series. These training notes are a very condensed version of the information you’ll need to pass the exam, and with the proper context are very useful to find the things you may have missed in your initial learnings. I will be using his other Training Notes for my other exams as well.
TutorialsDojo(10/10) – These tests filled in the gaps and allowed me to spot my weaknesses and shore them up. I actually think my real exam was harder than these, but because I’d spent so much time on the material I got wrong, I was able to pass the exam with a safe score.
As I said, I was surprised at how difficult the exam was. A lot of my questions were related to DBs, and a lot of them gave no context as to whether the data being loaded into them was SQL or NoSQL which made the choice selection a little frustrating. A lot of the questions have 2 VERY SIMILAR answers, and often time the wording of the answers could be easy to misinterpret (such as when you are creating a Read Replica, do you attach it to the primary application DB that is slowing down because of read issues or attach it to the service that is causing the primary DB to slow down). For context, I was scoring 95-100% on the TD exams prior to taking the test and managed a 823 on the exam so I don’t know if I got unlucky with a hard test or if I’m not as prepared as I thought I was (i.e. over-thinking questions).
Anyways, up next is going back over the practical parts of the course as I gear up for the SA Pro exam. I will be taking my time with this one, and re-learning the Linux CLI in preparation for finding a new job.
PS if anybody on here is hiring, I’m looking! I’m the hardest worker I know and my goal is to make your company as streamlined and profitable as possible. 🙂
Testimonial: How did you prepare for AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate Level certification?
Best way to prepare for aws solution architect associate certification
Practical knowledge is 30% important and rest is Jayendra blog and Dumps.
Buying udemy courses doesn’t make you pass, I can tell surely without going to dumps and without going to jayendra’s blog not easy to clear the certification.
Read FAQs of S3, IAM, EC2, VPC, SQS, Autoscaling, Elastic Load Balancer, EBS, RDS, Lambda, API Gateway, ECS.
Read the Security Whitepaper and Shared Responsibility model.
The most important thing is basic questions from the last introduced topics to the exam is very important like Amazon Kinesis, etc…
– ACloudGuru course with practice test’s
– Created my own cheat sheet in excel
– Practice questions on various website
– Few AWS services FAQ’s
– Some questions were your understanding about which service to pick for the use case.
– many questions on VPC
– a couple of unexpected question on AWS CloudHSM, AWS systems manager, aws athena
– encryption at rest and in transit services
– migration from on-premise to AWS
– backup data in az vs regional
I believe the time was sufficient.
Overall I feel AWS SAA was more challenging in theory than GCP Associate CE.
some resources I bookmarked:
- Comparison of AWS Services
- Solutions Architect – Associate | Qwiklabs
- okeeffed/cheat-sheets
- A curated list of AWS resources to prepare for the AWS Certifications
- AWS Cheat Sheet
Whitepapers are the important information about each services that are published by Amazon in their website. If you are preparing for the AWS certifications, it is very important to use the some of the most recommended whitepapers to read before writing the exam.
The following are the list of whitepapers that are useful for preparing solutions architectexam. Also you will be able to find the list of whitepapers in the exam blueprint.
- Overview of Security Processes
- Storage Options in the Cloud
- Defining Fault Tolerant Applications in the AWS Cloud
- Overview of Amazon Web Services
- Compliance Whitepaper
- Architecting for the AWS Cloud
Data Security questions could be the more challenging and it’s worth noting that you need to have a good understanding of security processes described in the whitepaper titled “Overview of Security Processes”.
In the above list, most important whitepapers are Overview of Security Processes and Storage Options in the Cloud. Read more here…
Big thanks to /u/acantril for his amazing course – AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate (SAA-C02) – the best IT course I’ve ever had – and I’ve done many on various other platforms:
CBTNuggets
LinuxAcademy
ACloudGuru
Udemy
Linkedin
O’Reilly
- #AWS #SAAC02 #SAAC03 #SolutionsArchitect #AWSSAA #SAA #AWSCertification #AWSTraining #LearnAWS #CloudArchitect #SolutionsArchitect #Djamgatech
If you’re on the fence with buying one of his courses, stop thinking and buy it, I guarantee you won’t regret it! Other materials used for study:
Jon Bonso Practice Exams for SAA-C02 @ Tutorialsdojo (amazing practice exams!)
Random YouTube videos (example)
Official AWS Documentation (example)
TechStudySlack (learning community)
Study duration approximately ~3 months with the following regimen:
Daily study from
30min
to2hrs
Usually early morning before work
Sometimes on the train when commuting from/to work
Sometimes in the evening
Due to being a father/husband, study wasn’t always possible
All learned topics reviewed weekly
Testimonial: I passed SAA-C02 … But don’t do what I did to pass it
I’ve been following this subreddit for awhile and gotten some helpful tips, so I’d like to give back with my two cents. FYI I passed the exam 788
The exam materials that I used were the following:
AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate All-in-One Exam Guide (Banerjee)
Stephen Maarek’s Udemy course, and his 6 exam practices
Adrian Cantrill’s online course (about `60% done)
TutorialDojo’s exams
(My company has udemy business account so I was able to use Stephen’s course/exam)
I scheduled my exam at the end of March, and started with Adrian’s. But I was dumb thinking that I could go through his course within 3 weeks… I stopped around 12% of his course and went to the textbook and finished reading the all-in-one exam guide within a weekend. Then I started going through Stephen’s course. While learning the course, I pushed back the exam to end of April, because I knew I wouldn’t be ready by the exam comes along.
Five days before the exam, I finished Stephen’s course, and then did his final exam on the course. I failed miserably (around 50%). So I did one of Stephen’s practice exam and did worse (42%). I thought maybe it might be his exams that are slightly difficult, so I went and bought Jon Bonso’s exam and got 60% on his first one. And then I realized based on all the questions on the exams, I was definitely lacking some fundamentals. I went back to Adrian’s course and things were definitely sticking more – I think it has to do with his explanations + more practical stuff. Unfortunately, I could not finish his course before the exam (because I was cramming), and on the day of the exam, I could only do Bonso’s four of six exams, with barely passing one of them.
Please, don’t do what I did. I was desperate to get this thing over with it. I wanted to move on and work on other things for job search, but if you’re not in this situation, please don’t do this. I can’t for love of god tell you about OAI and Cloudfront and why that’s different than S3 URL. The only thing that I can remember is all the practical stuff that I did with Adrian’s course. I’ll never forget how to create VPC, because he make you manually go through it. I’m not against Stephen’s course – they are different on its own way (see the tips below).
So here’s what I recommend doing before writing for aws exam:
Don’t schedule your exam beforehand. Go through the materials that you are doing, and make sure you get at least 80% on all of the Jon Bonso’s exam (I’d recommend maybe 90% or higher)
If you like to learn things practically, I do recommend Adrian’s course. If you like to learn things conceptually, go with Stephen Maarek’s course. I find Stephen’s course more detailed when going through different architectures, but I can’t really say that because I didn’t really finish Adrian’s course
Jon Bonso’s exam was about the same difficulty as the actual exam. But they’re slightly more tricky. For example, many of the questions will give you two different situation and you really have to figure out what they are asking for because they might contradict to each other, but the actual question is asking one specific thing. However, there were few questions that were definitely obvious if you knew the service.
I’m upset that even though I passed the exam, I’m still lacking some practical stuff, so I’m just going to go through Adrian’s Developer exam but without cramming this time. If you actually learn the materials and practice them, they are definitely useful in the real world. I hope this will help you passing and actually learning the stuff.
P.S I vehemently disagree with Adrian in one thing in his course. doggogram.io is definitely better than catagram.io, although his cats are pretty cool
Testimonial: I passed the SAA-C02 exam!
I sat the exam at a PearsonVUE test centre and scored 816.
The exam had lots of questions around S3, RDS and storage. To be honest it was a bit of a blur but they are the ones I remember.
I was a bit worried before sitting the exam as I was only hit 76% in the official AWS practice exam the night before but it turned out alright in the end!
I have around 8 years of experience in IT but AWS was relatively new to me around 5 weeks ago.
Training Material Used
Firstly I ran through the u/stephanemaarek course which I found to pretty much cover all that was required!
I then used the u/Tutorials_Dojo practice exams. I took one before starting Stephane’s course to see where I was at with no training. I got 46% but I suppose a few of them were lucky guesses!
I then finished the course and took another test and hit around 65%, TD was great as they gave explanations on the answers. I then used this go back to the course to go over my weak areas again.
I then seemed to not be able to get higher than the low 70% on the exams so I went through u/neal-davis course, this was also great as it had an “Exam Cram” video at the end of each topic.
I also set up flashcards on BrainScape which helped me remember AWS services and what their function is.
All in all it was a great learning experience and I look forward to putting my skills into action!
Testimonial: I passed SAA with (799), had about an hour left on the clock.
Many FSx / EFS / Lustre questions
S3 Use cases, storage tiers, cloudfront were pretty prominent too
Only got one “figure out what’s wrong with this IAM policy” question
A handful of dynamodb questions and a handful for picking use cases between different database types or caching layers.
Other typical tips: When you’re unclear on what answer you should pick, or if they seem very similar – work on eliminating answers first. “It can’t be X because oy Y” and that can help a lot.
Testimonial: Passed the AWS Solutions Architect Associate exam!
I prepared mostly from freely available resources as my basics were strong. Bought Jon Bonso’s tests on Udemy and they turned out to be super important while preparing for those particular type of questions (i.e. the questions which feel subjective, but they aren’t), understanding line of questioning and most suitable answers for some common scenarios.
Created a Notion notebook to note down those common scenarios, exceptions, what supports what, integrations etc. Used that notebook and cheat sheets on Tutorials Dojo website for revision on final day.
Found the exam was little tougher than Jon Bonso’s, but his practice tests on Udemy were crucial. Wouldn’t have passed it without them.
Piece of advice for upcoming test aspirants: Get your basics right, especially networking. Understand properly how different services interact in VPC. Focus more on the last line of the question. It usually gives you a hint upon what exactly is needed. Whether you need cost optimization, performance efficiency or high availability. Little to no operational effort means serverless. Understand all serverless services thoroughly.
Testimonial: Passed Solutions Architect Associate (SAA-C02) Today!
I have almost no experience with AWS, except for completing the Certified Cloud Practitioner earlier this year. My work is pushing all IT employees to complete some cloud training and certifications, which is why I chose to do this.
How I Studied:
My company pays for acloudguru subscriptions for its employees, so I used that for the bulk of my learning. I took notes on 3×5 notecards on the key terms and concepts for review.
Once I scored passing grades on the ACG practice tests, I took the Jon Bonso tests on Udemy, which are much more difficult and fairly close to the difficulty of the actual exam. I scored 45%-74% on every Bonso practice test, and spent 1-2 hours after each test reviewing what I missed, supplementing my note cards, and taking time to understand my weak spots. I only took these tests once each, but in between each practice test, I would review all my note cards until I had the content largely memorized.
The Test:
This was one of the most difficult certification tests I’ve ever done. The exam was remote proctored with PearsonVUE (I used PSI for the CCP and didn’t like it as much) I felt like I was failing half the time. I marked about 25% of the questions for review, and I used up the entire allotted time. The questions are mostly about understanding which services interact with which other services, or which services are incompatible with the scenario. It was important for me to read through each response and eliminate the ones that don’t make sense. A lot of the responses mentioned a lot of AWS services that sound good but don’t actually work together (i.e. if it doesn’t make sense to have service X querying database Y, so that probably isn’t the right answer). I can’t point to one domain that really needs to be studied more than any other. You need to know all of the content for the exam.
Final Thoughts:
The ACG practice tests are not a good metric for success for the actual SAA exam, and I would not have passed without Bonso’s tests showing me my weak spots. PearsonVUE is better than PSI. Make sure to study everything thoroughly and review excessively. You don’t necessarily need 5 different study sources and years of experience to be able to pass (although both of those definitely help) and good luck to anyone that took the time to read!
Testimonial: Passed AWS CSAA today!
AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate
So glad to pass my first AWS certification after 6 weeks of preparation.
My Preparation:
After a series of trial of error in regards to picking the appropriate learning content. Eventually, I went with the community’s advice, and took the course presented by the amazing u/stephanemaarek, in addition to the practice exams by Jon Bonso.
At this point, I can’t say anything that hasn’t been said already about how helpful they are. It’s a great combination of learning material, I appreciate the instructor’s work, and the community’s help in this sub.
Review:
Throughout the course I noted down the important points, and used the course slides as a reference in the first review iteration.
Before resorting to Udemy’s practice exams, I purchased a practice exam from another website, that I regret (not to defame the other vendor, I would simply recommend Udemy).
Udemy’s practice exams were incredible, in that they made me aware of the points I hadn’t understood clearly. After each exam, I would go both through the incorrect answers, as well as the questions I marked for review, wrote down the topic for review, and read the explanation thoroughly. The explanations point to the respective documentation in AWS, which is a recommended read, especially if you don’t feel confident with the service.
What I want to note, is that I didn’t get satisfying marks on the first go at the practice exams (I got an average of ~70%).
Throughout the 6 practice exams, I aggregated a long list of topics to review, went back to the course slides and practice-exams explanations, in addition to the AWS documentation for the respective service.
On the second go I averaged 85%. The second attempt at the exams was important as a confidence boost, as I made sure I understood the services more clearly.
The take away:
Don’t feel disappointed if you get bad results at your practice-exams. Make sure to review the topics and give it another shot.
The AWS documentation is your friend! It is vert clear and concise. My only regret is not having referenced the documentation enough after learning new services.
The exam:
I scheduled the exam using PSI.
I was very confident going into the exam. But going through such an exam environment for the first time made me feel under pressure. Partly, because I didn’t feel comfortable being monitored (I was afraid to get eliminated if I moved or covered my mouth), but mostly because there was a lot at stake from my side, and I had to pass it in the first go.
The questions were harder than expected, but I tried analyze the questions more, and eliminate the invalid answers.
I was very nervous and kept reviewing flagged questions up to the last minute. Luckily, I pulled through.
The take away:
The proctors are friendly, just make sure you feel comfortable in the exam place, and use the practice exams to prepare for the actual’s exam’s environment. That includes sitting in a straight posture, not talking/whispering, or looking away.
Make sure to organize the time dedicated for each questions well, and don’t let yourself get distracted by being monitored like I did.
Don’t skip the question that you are not sure of. Try to select the most probable answer, then flag the question. This will make the very-stressful, last-minute review easier.
You have been engaged by a company to design and lead a migration to an AWS environment. The team is concerned about the capabilities of the new environment, especially when it comes to high availability and cost-effectiveness. The design calls for about 20 instances (c3.2xlarge) pulling jobs/messages from SQS. Network traffic per instance is estimated to be around 500 Mbps at the beginning and end of each job. Which configuration should you plan on deploying?
Spread the Instances over multiple AZs to minimize the traffic concentration and maximize fault-tolerance. With a multi-AZ configuration, an additional reliability point is scored as the entire Availability Zone itself is ruled out as a single point of failure. This ensures high availability. Wherever possible, use simple solutions such as spreading the load out rather than expensive high tech solutions
To save money, you quickly stored some data in one of the attached volumes of an EC2 instance and stopped it for the weekend. When you returned on Monday and restarted your instance, you discovered that your data was gone. Why might that be?
The volume was ephemeral, block-level storage. Data on an instance store volume is lost if an instance is stopped.
The most likely answer is that the EC2 instance had an instance store volume attached to it. Instance store volumes are ephemeral, meaning that data in attached instance store volumes is lost if the instance stops.
Reference: Instance store lifetime
Your company likes the idea of storing files on AWS. However, low-latency service of the last few days of files is important to customer service. Which Storage Gateway configuration would you use to achieve both of these ends?
A file gateway simplifies file storage in Amazon S3, integrates to existing applications through industry-standard file system protocols, and provides a cost-effective alternative to on-premises storage. It also provides low-latency access to data through transparent local caching.
Cached volumes allow you to store your data in Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) and retain a copy of frequently accessed data subsets locally. Cached volumes offer a substantial cost savings on primary storage and minimize the need to scale your storage on-premises. You also retain low-latency access to your frequently accessed data.
You’ve been commissioned to develop a high-availability application with a stateless web tier. Identify the most cost-effective means of reaching this end.
Use an Elastic Load Balancer, a multi-AZ deployment of an Auto-Scaling group of EC2 Spot instances (primary) running in tandem with an Auto-Scaling group of EC2 On-Demand instances (secondary), and DynamoDB.
With proper scripting and scaling policies, running EC2 On-Demand instances behind the Spot instances will deliver the most cost-effective solution because On-Demand instances will only spin up if the Spot instances are not available. DynamoDB lends itself to supporting stateless web/app installations better than RDS .
You are building a NAT Instance in an m3.medium using the AWS Linux2 distro with amazon-linux-extras installed. Which of the following do you need to set?
Ensure that “Source/Destination Checks” is disabled on the NAT instance. With a NAT instance, the most common oversight is forgetting to disable Source/Destination Checks. TNote: This is a legacy topic and while it may appear on the AWS exam it will only do so infrequently.
You are reviewing Change Control requests and you note that there is a proposed change designed to reduce errors due to SQS Eventual Consistency by updating the “DelaySeconds” attribute. What does this mean?
When a new message is added to the SQS queue, it will be hidden from consumer instances for a fixed period.
Delay queues let you postpone the delivery of new messages to a queue for a number of seconds, for example, when your consumer application needs additional time to process messages. If you create a delay queue, any messages that you send to the queue remain invisible to consumers for the duration of the delay period. The default (minimum) delay for a queue is 0 seconds. The maximum is 15 minutes. To set delay seconds on individual messages, rather than on an entire queue, use message timers to allow Amazon SQS to use the message timer’s DelaySeconds value instead of the delay queue’s DelaySeconds value. Reference: Amazon SQS delay queues.
Amazon SQS keeps track of all tasks and events in an application: True or False?
False. Amazon SWF (not Amazon SQS) keeps track of all tasks and events in an application. Amazon SQS requires you to implement your own application-level tracking, especially if your application uses multiple queues. Amazon SWF FAQs.
You work for a company, and you need to protect your data stored on S3 from accidental deletion. Which actions might you take to achieve this?
Allow versioning on the bucket and to protect the objects by configuring MFA-protected API access.
Your Security Manager has hired a security contractor to audit your network and firewall configurations. The consultant doesn’t have access to an AWS account. You need to provide the required access for the auditing tasks, and answer a question about login details for the official AWS firewall appliance. Which actions might you do?
AWS has removed the Firewall appliance from the hub of the network and implemented the firewall functionality as stateful Security Groups, and stateless subnet NACLs. This is not a new concept in networking, but rarely implemented at this scale.
Create an IAM user for the auditor and explain that the firewall functionality is implemented as stateful Security Groups, and stateless subnet NACLs
Amazon ElastiCache can fulfill a number of roles. Which operations can be implemented using ElastiCache for Redis.
Amazon ElastiCache offers a fully managed Memcached and Redis service. Although the name only suggests caching functionality, the Redis service in particular can offer a number of operations such as Pub/Sub, Sorted Sets and an In-Memory Data Store. However, Amazon ElastiCache for Redis doesn’t support multithreaded architectures.
You have been asked to deploy an application on a small number of EC2 instances. The application must be placed across multiple Availability Zones and should also minimize the chance of underlying hardware failure. Which actions would provide this solution?
Deploy the EC2 servers in a Spread Placement Group.
Spread Placement Groups are recommended for applications that have a small number of critical instances which need to be kept separate from each other. Launching instances in a Spread Placement Group reduces the risk of simultaneous failures that might occur when instances share the same underlying hardware. Spread Placement Groups provide access to distinct hardware, and are therefore suitable for mixing instance types or launching instances over time. In this case, deploying the EC2 instances in a Spread Placement Group is the only correct option.
You manage a NodeJS messaging application that lives on a cluster of EC2 instances. Your website occasionally experiences brief, strong, and entirely unpredictable spikes in traffic that overwhelm your EC2 instances’ resources and freeze the application. As a result, you’re losing recently submitted messages from end-users. You use Auto Scaling to deploy additional resources to handle the load during spikes, but the new instances don’t spin-up fast enough to prevent the existing application servers from freezing. Can you provide the most cost-effective solution in preventing the loss of recently submitted messages?
Use Amazon SQS to decouple the application components and keep the messages in queue until the extra Auto-Scaling instances are available.
Neither increasing the size of your EC2 instances nor maintaining additional EC2 instances is cost-effective, and pre-warming an ELB signifies that these spikes in traffic are predictable. The cost-effective solution to the unpredictable spike in traffic is to use SQS to decouple the application components.
True statements on S3 URL styles
Virtual-host-style URLs (such as: https://bucket-name.s3.Region.amazonaws.com/key name) are supported by AWS.
Path-Style URLs (such as https://s3.Region.amazonaws.com/bucket-name/key name) are supported by AWS.
You run an automobile reselling company that has a popular online store on AWS. The application sits behind an Auto Scaling group and requires new instances of the Auto Scaling group to identify their public and private IP addresses. How can you achieve this?
Using a Curl or Get Command to get the latest meta-data from http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
What data formats are used to create CloudFormation templates?
JSOn and YAML
You have launched a NAT instance into a public subnet, and you have configured all relevant security groups, network ACLs, and routing policies to allow this NAT to function. However, EC2 instances in the private subnet still cannot communicate out to the internet. What troubleshooting steps should you take to resolve this issue?
Disable the Source/Destination Check on your NAT instance.
A NAT instance sends and retrieves traffic on behalf of instances in a private subnet. As a result, source/destination checks on the NAT instance must be disabled to allow the sending and receiving traffic for the private instances. Route 53 resolves DNS names, so it would not help here. Traffic that is originating from your NAT instance will not pass through an ELB. Instead, it is sent directly from the public IP address of the NAT Instance out to the Internet.
You need a storage service that delivers the lowest-latency access to data for a database running on a single EC2 instance. Which of the following AWS storage services is suitable for this use case?
Amazon EBS is a block level storage service for use with Amazon EC2. Amazon EBS can deliver performance for workloads that require the lowest-latency access to data from a single EC2 instance. A broad range of workloads, such as relational and non-relational databases, enterprise applications, containerized applications, big data analytics engines, file systems, and media workflows are widely deployed on Amazon EBS.
What are DynamoDB use cases?
Use cases include storing JSON data, BLOB data and storing web session data.
You are reviewing Change Control requests, and you note that there is a change designed to reduce costs by updating the Amazon SQS “WaitTimeSeconds” attribute. What does this mean?
When the consumer instance polls for new work, the SQS service will allow it to wait a certain time for one or more messages to be available before closing the connection.
Poor timing of SQS processes can significantly impact the cost effectiveness of the solution.
Long polling helps reduce the cost of using Amazon SQS by eliminating the number of empty responses (when there are no messages available for a ReceiveMessage request) and false empty responses (when messages are available but aren’t included in a response).
Reference: Here
You have been asked to decouple an application by utilizing SQS. The application dictates that messages on the queue CAN be delivered more than once, but must be delivered in the order they have arrived while reducing the number of empty responses. Which option is most suitable?
Configure a FIFO SQS queue and enable long polling.
You are a security architect working for a large antivirus company. The production environment has recently been moved to AWS and is in a public subnet. You are able to view the production environment over HTTP. However, when your customers try to update their virus definition files over a custom port, that port is blocked. You log in to the console and you allow traffic in over the custom port. How long will this take to take effect?
Immediately.
You need to restrict access to an S3 bucket. Which methods can you use to do so?
There are two ways of securing S3, using either Access Control Lists (Permissions) or by using bucket Policies.
You are reviewing Change Control requests, and you note that there is a change designed to reduce wasted CPU cycles by increasing the value of your Amazon SQS “VisibilityTimeout” attribute. What does this mean?
When a consumer instance retrieves a message, that message will be hidden from other consumer instances for a fixed period.
Poor timing of SQS processes can significantly impact the cost effectiveness of the solution. To prevent other consumers from processing the message again, Amazon SQS sets a visibility timeout, a period of time during which Amazon SQS prevents other consumers from receiving and processing the message. The default visibility timeout for a message is 30 seconds. The minimum is 0 seconds. The maximum is 12 hours.
With EBS, I can ____.
Create an encrypted volume from a snapshot of another encrypted volume.
Create an encrypted snapshot from an unencrypted snapshot by creating an encrypted copy of the unencrypted snapshot.
You can create an encrypted volume from a snapshot of another encrypted volume.
Although there is no direct way to encrypt an existing unencrypted volume or snapshot, you can encrypt them by creating either a volume or a snapshot. Reference: Encrypting unencrypted resources.
Following advice from your consultant, you have configured your VPC to use dedicated hosting tenancy. Your VPC has an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling designed to launch or terminate Amazon EC2 instances on a regular basis, in order to meet workload demands. A subsequent change to your application has rendered the performance gains from dedicated tenancy superfluous, and you would now like to recoup some of these greater costs. How do you revert your instance tenancy attribute of a VPC to default for new launched EC2 instances?
Modify the instance tenancy attribute of your VPC from dedicated to default using the AWS CLI, an AWS SDK, or the Amazon EC2 API.
You can change the instance tenancy attribute of a VPC from dedicated to default. Modifying the instance tenancy of the VPC does not affect the tenancy of any existing instances in the VPC. The next time you launch an instance in the VPC, it has a tenancy of default, unless you specify otherwise during launch. You can modify the instance tenancy attribute of a VPC using the AWS CLI, an AWS SDK, or the Amazon EC2 API only. Reference: Change the tenancy of a VPC.
How do DynamoDB indices work?
What is Amazon DynamoDB?
Amazon DynamoDB is a fast, fully managed NoSQL database service. DynamoDB makes it simple and cost-effective to store and retrieve any amount of data and serve any level of request traffic.
DynamoDB is used to create tables that store and retrieve any level of data.
- DynamoDB uses SSD’s to store data.
- Provides Automatic and synchronous data.
- Maximum item size is 400KB
- Supports cross-region replication.
DynamoDB Core Concepts:
- The fundamental concepts around DynamoDB are:
- Tables-which is a collection of data.
- Items- They are the individual entries in the table.
- Attributes- These are the properties associated with the entries.
- Primary Keys.
- Secondary Indexes.
- DynamoDB streams.
Secondary Indexes:
- The Secondary index is a data structure that contains a subset of attributes from the table, along with an alternate key that supports Query operations.
- Every secondary index is related to only one table, from where it obtains data. This is called base table of the index.
- When you create an index you create an alternate key for the index i.e. Partition Key and Sort key, DynamoDB creates a copy of the attributes into the index, including primary key attributes derived from the table.
- After this is done, you use the query/scan in the same way as you would use a query on a table.
Every secondary index is instinctively maintained by DynamoDB.
DynamoDB Indexes: DynamoDB supports two indexes:
- Local Secondary Index (LSI)- The index has the same partition key as the base table but a different sort key,
- Global Secondary index (GSI)- The index has a partition key and sort key are different from those on the base table.
While creating more than one table using secondary table , you must do it in a sequence. Create table one after the another. When you create the first table wait for it to be active.
Once that table is active, create another table and wait for it to get active and so on. If you try to create one or more tables continuously DynamoDB will return a LimitExceededException.
You must specify the following, for every secondary index:
- Type- You must mention the type of index you are creating whether it is a Global Secondary Index or a Local Secondary index.
- Name- You must specify the name for the index. The rules for naming the indexes are the same as that for the table it is connected with. You can use the same name for the indexes that are connected with the different base table.
- Key- The key schema for the index states that every attribute in the index must be of the top level attribute of type-string, number, or binary. Other data types which include documents and sets are not allowed. Other requirements depend on the type of index you choose.
- For GSI- The partitions key can be any scalar attribute of the base table.
Sort key is optional and this too can be any scalar attribute of the base table.
- For LSI- The partition key must be the same as the base table’s partition key.
The sort key must be a non-key table attribute.
- Additional Attributes: The additional attributes are in addition to the tables key attributes. They are automatically projected into every index. You can use attributes for any data type, including scalars, documents and sets.
- Throughput: The throughput settings for the index if necessary are:
- GSI: Specify read and write capacity unit settings. These provisioned throughput settings are not dependent on the base tables settings.
- LSI- You do not need to specify read and write capacity unit settings. Any read and write operations on the local secondary index are drawn from the provisioned throughput settings of the base table.
You can create upto 5 Global and 5 Local Secondary Indexes per table. With the deletion of a table all the indexes are connected with the table are also deleted.
You can use the Scan or Query operation to fetch the data from the table. DynamoDB will give you the results in descending or ascending order.
(Source)
What is NLB in AWS?
An NLB is a Network Load Balancer.
Network Load Balancer Overview: A Network Load Balancer functions at the fourth layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It can handle millions of requests per second. After the load balancer receives a connection request, it selects a target from the target group for the default rule. It attempts to open a TCP connection to the selected target on the port specified in the listener configuration. When you enable an Availability Zone for the load balancer, Elastic Load Balancing creates a load balancer node in the Availability Zone. By default, each load balancer node distributes traffic across the registered targets in its Availability Zone only. If you enable cross-zone load balancing, each load balancer node distributes traffic across the registered targets in all enabled Availability Zones. It is designed to handle tens of millions of requests per second while maintaining high throughput at ultra low latency, with no effort on your part. The Network Load Balancer is API-compatible with the Application Load Balancer, including full programmatic control of Target Groups and Targets. Here are some of the most important features:
- Static IP Addresses – Each Network Load Balancer provides a single IP address for each Availability Zone in its purview. If you have targets in us-west-2a and other targets in us-west-2c, NLB will create and manage two IP addresses (one per AZ); connections to that IP address will spread traffic across the instances in all the VPC subnets in the AZ. You can also specify an existing Elastic IP for each AZ for even greater control. With full control over your IP addresses, a Network Load Balancer can be used in situations where IP addresses need to be hard-coded into DNS records, customer firewall rules, and so forth.
- Zonality – The IP-per-AZ feature reduces latency with improved performance, improves availability through isolation and fault tolerance, and makes the use of Network Load Balancers transparent to your client applications. Network Load Balancers also attempt to route a series of requests from a particular source to targets in a single AZ while still providing automatic failover should those targets become unavailable.
- Source Address Preservation – With Network Load Balancer, the original source IP address and source ports for the incoming connections remain unmodified, so application software need not support X-Forwarded-For, proxy protocol, or other workarounds. This also means that normal firewall rules, including VPC Security Groups, can be used on targets.
- Long-running Connections – NLB handles connections with built-in fault tolerance, and can handle connections that are open for months or years, making them a great fit for IoT, gaming, and messaging applications.
- Failover – Powered by Route 53 health checks, NLB supports failover between IP addresses within and across regions.
How many types of VPC endpoints are available?
There are two types of VPC endpoints: (1) interface endpoints and (2) gateway endpoints. Interface endpoints enable connectivity to services over AWS PrivateLink.
What is the purpose of key pair with Amazon AWS EC2?
Amazon AWS uses key pair to encrypt and decrypt login information.
A sender uses a public key to encrypt data, which its receiver then decrypts using another private key. These two keys, public and private, are known as a key pair.
You need a key pair to be able to connect to your instances. The way this works on Linux and Windows instances is different.
First, when you launch a new instance, you assign a key pair to it. Then, when you log in to it, you use the private key.
The difference between Linux and Windows instances is that Linux instances do not have a password already set and you must use the key pair to log in to Linux instances. On the other hand, on Windows instances, you need the key pair to decrypt the administrator password. Using the decrypted password, you can use RDP and then connect to your Windows instance.
Amazon EC2 stores only the public key, and you can either generate it inside Amazon EC2 or you can import it. Since the private key is not stored by Amazon, it’s advisable to store it in a secure place as anyone who has this private key can log in on your behalf.
What is the difference between a VPC SG and an EC2 security group?
There are two types of Security Groups based on where you launch your instance. When you launch your instance on EC2-Classic, you have to specify an EC2-Classic Security Group . On the other hand, when you launch an instance in a VPC, you will have to specify an EC2-VPC Security Group. Now that we have a clear understanding what we are comparing, lets see their main differences:
- When the instance is launched, you can only choose a Security Group that resides in the same region as the instance.
- You cannot change the Security Group after the instance has launched (you may edit the rules)
- They are not IPv6 Capable
- You can change the Security Group after the instance has launched
- They are IPv6 Capable
Generally speaking, they are not interchangeable and there are more capabilities on the EC2-VPC SGs. You may read more about them on Differences Between Security Groups for EC2-Classic and EC2-VPC
Why do AWS DynamoDB and S3 use gateway VPC endpoints rather than interface endpoints?
I think this is historical in nature. S3 and DynamoDB were the first services to support VPC endpoints. The release of those VPC endpoint features pre-dates two important services that subsequently enabled interface endpoints: Network Load Balancer and AWS PrivateLink.
What is the best way to develop AWS Lambda functions locally on your laptop?
- Separate the Lambda handler from your core logic.
- Take advantage of execution context reuse to improve the performance of your function. Initialize SDK clients and database connections outside of the function handler, and cache static assets locally in the
/tmp
directory. Subsequent invocations processed by the same instance of your function can reuse these resources. This saves execution time and avoid potential data leaks across invocations, don’t use the execution context to store user data, events, or other information with security implications. If your function relies on a mutable state that can’t be stored in memory within the handler, consider creating a separate function or separate versions of a function for each user. - Use AWS Lambda Environment Variables to pass operational parameters to your function. For example, if you are writing to an Amazon S3 bucket, instead of hard-coding the bucket name you are writing to, configure the bucket name as an environment variable.
How can I see if/when someone logs into my AWS Windows instance?
You can use VPC Flow Logs. The steps would be the following:
- Enable VPC Flow Logs for the VPC your EC2 instance lives in. You can do this from the VPC console
- Having VPC Flow Logs enabled will create a CloudWatch Logs log group
- Find the Elastic Network Interface assigned to your EC2 instance. Also, get the private IP of your EC2 instance. You can do this from the EC2 console.
- Find the CloudWatch Logs log stream for that ENI.
- Search the log stream for records where your Windows instance’s IP is the destination IP, make sure the port is the one you’re looking for. You’ll see records that tell you if someone has been connecting to your EC2 instance. For example, there are bytes transferred, status=ACCEPT, log-status=OK. You will also know the source IP that connected to your instance.
I recommend using CloudWatch Logs Metric Filters, so you don’t have to do all this manually. Metric Filters will find the patterns I described in your CloudWatch Logs entries and will publish a CloudWatch metric. Then you can trigger an alarm that notifies you when someone logs in to your instance.
Here are more details from the AWS Official Blog and the AWS documentation for VPC Flow Logs records:
VPC Flow Logs – Log and View Network Traffic Flows
Also, there are 3rd-party tools that simplify all these steps for you and give you very nice visibility and alerts into what’s happening in your AWS network resources. I’ve tried Observable Networks and it’s great: Observable Networks
While enabling ports on AWS NAT gateway when you allow inbound traffic on port 80/443 , do you need to allow outbound traffic on the same ports or is it sufficient to allow outbound traffic on ephemeral ports (1024-65535)?
Typically outbound traffic is not blocked by NAT on any port, so you would not need to explicitly allow those, since they should already be allowed. Your firewall generally would have a rule to allow return traffic that was initiated outbound from inside your office.
Is AWS traffic between EC2 nodes in the same availability zone secure with respect to sending sensitive data?
According to Amazon’s documentation, it is impossible for one instance to sniff traffic bound for a different instance.
https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/aws-security-whitepaper.pdf
- Packet sniffing by other tenants. It is not possible for a virtual instance running in promiscuous mode to receive or “sniff” traffic that is intended for a different virtual instance. While you can place your interfaces into promiscuous mode, the hypervisor will not deliver any traffic to them that is not addressed to them. Even two virtual instances that are owned by the same customer located on the same physical host cannot listen to each other’s traffic. Attacks such as ARP cache poisoning do not work within Amazon EC2 and Amazon VPC. While Amazon EC2 does provide ample protection against one customer inadvertently or maliciously attempting to view another’s data, as a standard practice you should encrypt sensitive traffic.
But as you can see, they still recommend that you should maintain encryption inside your network. We have taken the approach of terminating SSL at the external interface of the ELB, but then initiating SSL from the ELB to our back-end servers, and even further, to our (RDS) databases. It’s probably belt-and-suspenders, but in my industry it’s needed. Heck, we have some interfaces that require HTTPS and a VPN.
What’s the use case for S3 Pre-signed URL for uploading objects?
I get the use-case to allow access to private/premium content in S3 using Presigned-url that can be used to view or download the file until the expiration time set, But what’s a real life scenario in which a Webapp would have the need to generate URI to give users temporary credentials to upload an object, can’t the same be done by using the SDK and exposing a REST API at the backend.
Asking this since I want to build a POC for this functionality in Java, but struggling to find a real-world use-case for the same
Pre-signed URLs are used to provide short-term access to a private object in your S3 bucket. They work by appending an AWS Access Key, expiration time, and Sigv4 signature as query parameters to the S3 object. There are two common use cases when you may want to use them:
- Simple, occasional sharing of private files.
- Frequent, programmatic access to view or upload a file in an application.
Imagine you may want to share a confidential presentation with a business partner, or you want to allow a friend to download a video file you’re storing in your S3 bucket. In both situations, you could generate a URL, and share it to allow the recipient short-term access.
There are a couple of different approaches for generating these URLs in an ad-hoc, one-off fashion, including:
- Using the AWS Tools for Powershell.
- Using the AWS CLI.
Source: Here
AWS:REINVENT 2022 (Tips, Latest Tech, Surviving Vegas, Parties)
First time going there, what like to know in advance the do and don’t … from people with previous experiences.
Pre-plan as much as you can, but don’t sweat it in the moment if it doesn’t work out. The experience and networking are as if not more valuable than the sessions.
Deliberately know where your exits are. Most of Vegas is designed to keep you inside — when you’re burned out from the crowds and knowledge deluge is not the time to be trying to figure out how the hell you get out of wherever you are.
Study maps of how the properties interconnect before you go. You can get a lot of places without ever going outside. Be able to make a deliberate decision of what route to take. Same thing for the outdoor escalators and pedestrian bridges — they’re not necessarily intuitive, but if you know where they go, they’re a life saver running between events.
Drink more water and eat less food than you think you need to. Your mind and body will thank you.
Be prepared for all of the other Vegasisms if you ever plan on leaving the con boundaries (like to walk down the street to another venue) — you will likely be propositioned by mostly naked showgirls, see overt advertisement for or even be directly propositioned by prostitutes and their business associates, witness some pretty awful homelessness, and be “accidentally bumped into” pretty regularly by amateur pickpockets.
Switching gears between “work/AWS” and “surviving Vegas” multiple times a day can be seriously mentally taxing. I haven’t found any way to prevent that, just know it’s going to happen.
Take a burner laptop and not your production access work machine. You don’t want to accidentally crater your production environment because you gave the wrong cred as part of a lab.
There are helpful staffers everywhere around the con — don’t be afraid to leverage them — they tend to be much better informed than the ushers/directors/crowd wranglers at other cons.
Plan on getting Covid or at very least Con Crud. If you’re not used to being around a million sick people in the desert, it’s going to take its toll on your body one way or another.
Don’t set morning alarms. If your body needs to sleep in, that was more important than whatever morning session you wanted to catch. Watch the recording later on your own time and enjoy your mental clarity for the rest of the day.
Wander the expo floor when you’re bored to get a big picture of the ecosystem, but don’t expect anything too deep. The partner booths are all fun and games and don’t necessarily align with reality. Hang out at the “Ask AWS” booths — people ask some fun interesting questions and AWS TAMs/SAs and the other folks staffing the booth tend not to suck.
Listen to The Killers / Brandon Flowers when walking around outside — he grew up in Las Vegas and a lot of his music has subtle (and not so subtle) hints on how to survive and thrive there.
I’m sure there’s more, but that’s what I can think of off the top of my head.
Source: Many years of attending re:Invent as AWS staff, AWS partner, and AWS customer.
This is more Vegas-advice than pure Re:Invent advice, but if you’re going to be in the city for more than 3 days try to either:
Find a way off/out of the strip for an afternoon. A hike out at Red Rocks is a great option.
Get a pass to the spa at your hotel so that you can escape the casino/event/hotel room trap. It’s amazing how shitty you feel without realizing it until you do a quick workout and steam/sauna/ice bath routine.
I’ve also seen a whole variety of issues that people run into during hands-on workshops where for one reason or another their corporate laptop/email/security won’t let them sign up and log into a new AWS account. Make sure you don’t have any restrictions there, as that’ll be a big hassle. The workshops have been some of the best and most memorable sessions for me.
More tips:
Sign up for all the parties! Try to get your sessions booked too, it’s a pain to be on waitlists. Don’t do one session at Venetian followed by a session at MGM. You’ll never make it in time. Try to group your sessions by location/day.
Use reInventParties.com for that.
Check the Guides there as well. reInventGuides.com.
Start here: http://reInventParties.com
We catalog all the parties, keep a list of the latest (and older) guides, the Expo floor plan, drawings, etc. On Twitter as well @reInventParties
Hidden gem if you’re into that sort of thing, the Pinball Museum is a great place to hang for a bit with some friends.
Bring sunscreen, a water bottle you like, really comfortable shoes, and lip balm.
Get at least one cert if you don’t already have one. The Cert lounge is a wonderful place to chill and the swag there is top tier.
Check the partner parties, they have good food and good swag.
Register with an alt email address (something like yourname+reinvent@domain.com) so you can set an email rule for all the spam.
If your workplace has an SA, coordinate with them for schedules and info. They will also curate calendars for you and get you insider info if you want them to.
Prioritize workshops and chalk talks. Partner talks are long advertisements, take them with a grain of salt.
Even if you are an introvert, network. There are folks there with valuable insights and skills. You are one of those.
Don’t underestimate the distance between venues. Getting from MGM to Venetian can take forever.
Bring very comfortable walking shoes and be prepared to spend a LOT of time on your feet and walking 25-30,000 steps a day. All of the other comments and ideas are awesome. The most important thing to remember, especially for your very first year, is to have fun. Don’t just sit in breakouts all day and then go back to your hotel. Go to the after dark events. Don’t get too hung up on if you don’t make it to all the breakout sessions you want to go to. Let your first year be a learning curve on how to experience and enjoy re:Invent. It is the most epic week in Vegas you will ever experience. Maybe we will bump into each other. Love meeting new people.
FROM AWS:REINVENT 2021:
AWS on Air
Peter DeSantis Keynote
Join Peter DeSantis, Senior Vice President, Utility Computing and Apps, to learn how AWS has optimized its cloud infrastructure to run some of the world’s most demanding workloads and give your business a competitive edge.
Werner Vogels Keynote
Join Dr. Werner Vogels, CTO, Amazon.com, as he goes behind the scenes to show how Amazon is solving today’s hardest technology problems. Based on his experience working with some of the largest and most successful applications in the world, Dr. Vogels shares his insights on building truly resilient architectures and what that means for the future of software development.
Accelerating innovation with AI and ML
Applied artificial intelligence (AI) solutions, such as contact center intelligence (CCI), intelligent document processing (IDP), and media intelligence (MI), have had a significant market and business impact for customers, partners, and AWS. This session details how partners can collaborate with AWS to differentiate their products and solutions with AI and machine learning (ML). It also shares partner and customer success stories and discusses opportunities to help customers who are looking for turnkey solutions.
Application integration patterns for microservices
An implication of applying the microservices architectural style is that a lot of communication between components is done over the network. In order to achieve the full capabilities of microservices, this communication needs to happen in a loosely coupled manner. In this session, explore some fundamental application integration patterns based on messaging and connect them to real-world use cases in a microservices scenario. Also, learn some of the benefits that asynchronous messaging can have over REST APIs for communication between microservices.
Maintain application availability and performance with Amazon CloudWatch
Avoiding unexpected user behavior and maintaining reliable performance is crucial. This session is for application developers who want to learn how to maintain application availability and performance to improve the end user experience. Also, discover the latest on Amazon CloudWatch.
How Amazon.com transforms customer experiences through AI/ML
Amazon is transforming customer experiences through the practical application of AI and machine learning (ML) at scale. This session is for senior business and technology decision-makers who want to understand Amazon.com’s approach to launching and scaling ML-enabled innovations in its core business operations and toward new customer opportunities. See specific examples from various Amazon businesses to learn how Amazon applies AI/ML to shape its customer experience while improving efficiency, increasing speed, and lowering cost. Also hear the lessons the Amazon teams have learned from the cultural, process, and technical aspects of building and scaling ML capabilities across the organization.
Accelerating data-led migrations
Data has become a strategic asset. Customers of all sizes are moving data to the cloud to gain operational efficiencies and fuel innovation. This session details how partners can create repeatable and scalable solutions to help their customers derive value from their data, win new customers, and grow their business. It also discusses how to drive partner-led data migrations using AWS services, tools, resources, and programs, such as the AWS Migration Acceleration Program (MAP). Also, this session shares customer success stories from partners who have used MAP and other resources to help customers migrate to AWS and improve business outcomes.
Accelerate front-end web and mobile development with AWS Amplify
User-facing web and mobile applications are the primary touchpoint between organizations and their customers. To meet the ever-rising bar for customer experience, developers must deliver high-quality apps with both foundational and differentiating features. AWS Amplify helps front-end web and mobile developers build faster front to back. In this session, review Amplify’s core capabilities like authentication, data, and file storage and explore new capabilities, such as Amplify Geo and extensibility features for easier app customization with AWS services and better integration with existing deployment pipelines. Also learn how customers have been successful using Amplify to innovate in their businesses.
AWS Amplify is a set of tools and services that makes it quickand easy for front-end web and mobile developers to build full-stack applications on AWS
Amplify DataStore provides a programming model for leveraging shared and distributed data without writing additional code for offline and online scenarios, which makes working
with distributed, cross-user data just as simple as working with local-only data
AWS AppSync is a managed GraphQL API service
Amazon DynamoDB is a serverless key-value and document database that’s highly scalable
Amazon S3 allows you to store static assets
DevOps revolution
While DevOps has not changed much, the industry has fundamentally transformed over the last decade. Monolithic architectures have evolved into microservices. Containers and serverless have become the default. Applications are distributed on cloud infrastructure across the globe. The technical environment and tooling ecosystem has changed radically from the original conditions in which DevOps was created. So, what’s next? In this session, learn about the next phase of DevOps: a distributed model that emphasizes swift development, observable systems, accountable engineers, and resilient applications.
Innovation Day
Innovation Day is a virtual event that brings together organizations and thought leaders from around the world to share how cloud technology has helped them capture new business opportunities, grow revenue, and solve the big problems facing us today, and in the future. Featured topics include building the first human basecamp on the moon, the next generation F1 car, manufacturing in space, the Climate Pledge from Amazon, and building the city of the future at the foot of Mount Fuji.
Latest AWS Products and Services announced at re:invent 2021
Graviton 3: AWS today announced the newest generation of its Arm-based Graviton processors: the Graviton 3. The company promises that the new chip will be 25 percent faster than the last-generation chips, with 2x faster floating-point performances and a 3x speedup for machine-learning workloads. AWS also promises that the new chips will use 60 percent less power.
Trn1 to train models for various applications
AWS Mainframe Modernization: Cut mainframe migration time by 2/3
AWS Private 5G: Deploy and manage your own private 5G network (Set up and scale a private mobile network in days)
Transaction for Governed tables in Lake Formation: Automatically manages conflicts and error
Serverless and On-Demand Analytics for Redshift, EMAR, MSK, Kinesis:
Amazon Sagemaker Canvas: Create ML predictions without any ML experience or writing any code
AWS IoT TwinMaker: Real Time system that makes it easy to create and use digital twins of real-world systems.
Amazon DevOps Guru for RDS: Automatically detect, diagnose, and resolve hard-to-find database issues.
Amazon DynamoDB Standard-Infrequent Access table class: Reduce costs by up to 60%. Maintain the same performance, durability, scaling. and availability as Standard
AWS Database Migration Service Fleet Advisor: Accelerate database migration with automated inventory and migration: This service makes it easier and faster to get your data to the cloud and match it with the correct database service. “DMS Fleet Advisor automatically builds an inventory of your on-prem database and analytics service by streaming data from on prem to Amazon S3. From there, we take it over. We analyze [the data] to match it with the appropriate amount of AWS Datastore and then provide customized migration plans.
Amazon Sagemaker Ground Truth Plus: Deliver high-quality training datasets fast, and reduce data labeling cost.
Amazon SageMaker Training Compiler: Accelerate model training by 50%
Amazon SageMaker Inference Recommender: Reduce time to deploy from weeks to hours
Amazon SageMaker Serverless Inference: Lower cost of ownership with pay-per-use pricing
Amazon Kendra Experience Builder: Deploy Intelligent search applications powered by Amazon Kendra with a few clicks.
Amazon Lex Automated Chatbot Designer: Drastically Simplifies bot design with advanced natural language understanding
Amazon SageMaker Studio Lab: A no cost, no setup access to powerful machine learning technology
AWS Cloud WAN: Build, manage and monitor global wide area networks
AWS Amplify Studio: Visually build complete, feature-rich apps in hours instead of weeks, with full control over the application code.
AWS Carbon Footprint Tool: Don’t forget to turn off the lights.
AWS Well-Architected Sustainability Pillar: Learn, measure, and improve your workloads using environmental best practices in cloud computing
AWS re:Post: Get Answers from AWS experts. A Reimagined Q&A Experience for the AWS Community
How do you build something completely new?
FROM AWS:REINVENT 2020:
Automate anything with AWS Systems Manager
You can automate any task that involves interaction with AWS and on-premises resources, including in multi-account and multi-Region environments, with AWS Systems Manager. In this session, learn more about three new Systems Manager launches at re:Invent—Change Manager, Fleet Manager, and Application Manager. In addition, learn how Systems Manager Automation can be used across multiple Regions and accounts, integrate with other AWS services, and extend to on-premises. This session takes a deep dive into how to author a custom runbook using an automation document, and how to execute automation anywhere.
Deliver cloud operations at scale with AWS Managed Services
Learn how you can quickly build scaled AWS operations tooling to meet some of the most complex and compliant operations system requirements.
Turbocharging query execution on Amazon EMR
Learn about the performance improvements made in Amazon EMR for Apache Spark and Presto, giving Amazon EMR one of the fastest runtimes for analytics workloads in the cloud. This session dives deep into how AWS generates smart query plans in the absence of accurate table statistics. It also covers adaptive query execution—a technique to dynamically collect statistics during query execution—and how AWS uses dynamic partition pruning to generate query predicates for speeding up table joins. You also learn about execution improvements such as data prefetching and pruning of nested data types.
Detect machine learning (ML) model drift in production
Explore how state-of-the-art algorithms built into Amazon SageMaker are used to detect declines in machine learning (ML) model quality. One of the big factors that can affect the accuracy of models is the difference in the data used to generate predictions and what was used for training. For example, changing economic conditions could drive new interest rates affecting home purchasing predictions. Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor automatically detects drift in deployed models and provides detailed alerts that help you identify the source of the problem so you can be more confident in your ML applications.
Amazon Lightsail: The easiest way to get started on AWS
Amazon Lightsail is AWS’s simple, virtual private server. In this session, learn more about Lightsail and its newest launches. Lightsail is designed for simple web apps, websites, and dev environments. This session reviews core product features, such as preconfigured blueprints, managed databases, load balancers, networking, and snapshots, and includes a demo of the most recent launches. Attend this session to learn more about how you can get up and running on AWS in the easiest way possible.
Deep dive into AWS Lambda security: Function isolation
This session dives into the security model behind AWS Lambda functions, looking at how you can isolate workloads, build multiple layers of protection, and leverage fine-grained authorization. You learn about the implementation, the open-source Firecracker technology that provides one of the most important layers, and what this means for how you build on Lambda. You also see how AWS Lambda securely runs your functions packaged and deployed as container images. Finally, you learn about SaaS, customization, and safe patterns for running your own customers’ code in your Lambda functions.
Unauthorized users and financially motivated third parties also have access to advanced cloud capabilities. This causes concerns and creates challenges for customers responsible for the security of their cloud assets. Join us as Roy Feintuch, chief technologist of cloud products, and Maya Horowitz, director of threat intelligence and research, face off in an epic battle of defense against unauthorized cloud-native attacks. In this session, Roy uses security analytics, threat hunting, and cloud intelligence solutions to dissect and analyze some sneaky cloud breaches so you can strengthen your cloud defense. This presentation is brought to you by Check Point Software, an AWS Partner.
Best practices for security governance in serverless applications
AWS provides services and features that your organization can leverage to improve the security of a serverless application. However, as organizations grow and developers deploy more serverless applications, how do you know if all of the applications are in compliance with your organization’s security policies? This session walks you through serverless security, and you learn about protections and guardrails that you can build to avoid misconfigurations and catch potential security risks.
How Amazon.com automates cash identification & matching with AWS AI/ML
The Amazon Cash application service matches incoming customer payments with accounts and open invoices, while an email ingestion service (EIS) processes more than 1 million semi-structured and unstructured remittance emails monthly. In this session, learn how this EIS classifies the emails, extracts invoice data from the emails, and then identifies the right invoices to close on Amazon financial platforms. Dive deep on how these services automated 89.5% of cash applications using AWS AI & ML services. Hear about how these services will eliminate the manual effort of 1000 cash application analysts in the next 10 years.
Understanding AWS Lambda streaming events
Dive into the details of using Amazon Kinesis Data Streams and Amazon DynamoDB Streams as event sources for AWS Lambda. This session walks you through how AWS Lambda scales along with these two event sources. It also covers best practices and challenges, including how to tune streaming sources for optimum performance and how to effectively monitor them.
Building real-time applications using Apache Flink
Build real-time applications using Apache Flink with Apache Kafka and Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. Apache Flink is a framework and engine for building streaming applications for use cases such as real-time analytics and complex event processing. This session covers best practices for building low-latency applications with Apache Flink when reading data from either Amazon MSK or Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. It also covers best practices for running low-latency Apache Flink applications using Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics and discusses AWS’s open-source contributions to this use case.
App modernization on AWS with Apache Kafka and Confluent Cloud
Learn how you can accelerate application modernization and benefit from the open-source Apache Kafka ecosystem by connecting your legacy, on-premises systems to the cloud. In this session, hear real customer stories about timely insights gained from event-driven applications built on an event streaming platform from Confluent Cloud running on AWS, which stores and processes historical data and real-time data streams. Confluent makes Apache Kafka enterprise-ready using infinite Kafka storage with Amazon S3 and multiple private networking options including AWS PrivateLink, along with self-managed encryption keys for storage volume encryption with AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS).
BI at hyperscale: Quickly build and scale dashboards with Amazon QuickSight
Data-driven business intelligence (BI) decision making is more important than ever in this age of remote work. An increasing number of organizations are investing in data transformation initiatives, including migrating data to the cloud, modernizing data warehouses, and building data lakes. But what about the last mile—connecting the dots for end users with dashboards and visualizations? Come to this session to learn how Amazon QuickSight allows you to connect to your AWS data and quickly build rich and interactive dashboards with self-serve and advanced analytics capabilities that can scale from tens to hundreds of thousands of users, without managing any infrastructure and only paying for what you use.
Is there an Updated SAA-C03 Practice Exam?
Yes as of August 2022.
This sample SAA-C03 sample exam PDF file can provide you with a hint of what the real SAA-C03 exam will look like in your upcoming test. In addition, the SAA-C03 sample questions also contain the necessary explanation and reference links that you can study.
Top-paying Cloud certifications:
- Google Certified Professional Cloud Architect — $175,761/year
- AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate — $149,446/year
- Azure/Microsoft Cloud Solution Architect – $141,748/yr
- Google Cloud Associate Engineer – $145,769/yr
- AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner — $131,465/year
- Microsoft Certified: Azure Fundamentals — $126,653/year
- Microsoft Certified: Azure Administrator Associate — $125,993/year
AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep Quiz App
Download AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam Prep Pro App (No Ads, Full version with answers) for:
Android – iOS – Windows 10 – Amazon Android
How to Load balance EC2 Instances in an Autoscaling Group?
In this AWS tutorial, we are going to discuss how we can make the best use of AWS services to build a highly scalable, and fault tolerant configuration of EC2 instances. The use of Load Balancers and Auto Scaling Groups falls under a number of best practices in AWS, including Performance Efficiency, Reliability and high availability.
Before we dive into this hands-on tutorial on how exactly we can build this solution, let’s have a brief recap on what an Auto Scaling group is, and what a Load balancer is.
Autoscaling group (ASG)
An Autoscaling group (ASG) is a logical grouping of instances which can scale up and scale down depending on pre-configured settings. By setting Scaling policies of your ASG, you can choose how many EC2 instances are launched and terminated based on your application’s load. You can do this based on manual, dynamic, scheduled or predictive scaling.
Elastic Load Balancer (ELB)
An Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) is a name describing a number of services within AWS designed to distribute traffic across multiple EC2 instances in order to provide enhanced scalability, availability, security and more. The particular type of Load Balancer we will be using today is an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The ALB is a Layer 7 Load Balancer designed to distribute HTTP/HTTPS traffic across multiple nodes – with added features such as TLS termination, Sticky Sessions and Complex routing configurations.
Getting Started
First of all, we open our AWS management console and head to the EC2 management console.
We scroll down on the left-hand side and select ‘Launch Templates’. A Launch Template is a configuration template which defines the settings for EC2 instances launched by the ASG.
Under Launch Templates, we will select “Create launch template”.
We specify the name ‘MyTestTemplate’ and use the same text in the description.
Under the ‘Auto Scaling guidance’ box, tick the box which says ‘Provide guidance to help me set up a template that I can use with EC2 Auto Scaling’ and scroll down to launch template contents.
When it comes to choosing our AMI (Amazon Machine Image) we can choose the Amazon Linux 2 under ‘Quick Start’.
The Amazon Linux 2 AMI is free tier eligible, and easy to use for our demonstration purposes.
Next, we select the ‘t2.micro’ under instance types, as this is also free tier eligible.
Under Network Settings, we create a new Security Group called ExampleSG in our default VPC, allowing HTTP access to everyone. It should look like this.
We can then add our IAM Role we created earlier. Under Advanced Details, select your IAM instance profile.
Then we need to include some user data which will load a simple web server and web page onto our Launch Template when the EC2 instance launches.
Under ‘advanced details’, and in ‘User data’ paste the following code in the box.
#!/bin/bash yum update -y yum install -y httpd.x86_64 systemctl start httpd.service systemctl enable httpd.service echo “Hello World from $(hostname -f)” > /var/www/html/index.html
Then simply click ‘Create Launch Template’ and we are done!
We are now able to build an Auto Scaling Group from our launch template.
On the same console page, select ‘Auto Scaling Groups’, and Create Auto Scaling Group.
We will call our Auto Scaling Group ‘ExampleASG’, and select the Launch Template we just created, then select next.
On the next page, keep the default VPC and select any default AZ and Subnet from the list and click next.
Under ‘Configure Advanced Options’ select ‘Attach to a new load balancer’ .
You will notice the settings below will change and we will now build our load balancer directly on the same page.
Select the Application Load Balancer, and leave the default Load Balancer name.
Choose an ‘Internet Facing’ Load balancer, select another AZ and leave all of the other defaults the same. It should look something like the following.
Under ‘Listeners and routing’, select ‘Create a target group’ and select the target group which was just created. It will be called something like ‘ExampleASG-1’. Click next.
Now we get to Group Size. This is where we specify the desired, minimum and maximum capacity of our Auto Scaling Group.
Set the capacities as follows:
Click ‘skip to review’, and click ‘Create Auto Scaling Group’.
You will now see the Auto Scaling Group building, and the capacity is updating.
After a short while, navigate to the EC2 Dashboard, and you will see that two EC2 instances have been launched!
To make sure our Auto Scaling group is working as it should – select any instance, and terminate the instance. After one instance has been terminated you should see another instance pending and go into a running state – bringing capacity back to 2 instances (as per our desired capacity).
If we also head over to the Load Balancer console, you will find our Application Load Balancer has been created.
If you select the load balancer, and scroll down, you will find the DNS name of your ALB – it will look something like ‘ ExampleASG-1-1435567571.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com’.
If you enter the DNS name into our URL, you should get the following page show up:
The message will display a ‘Hello World’ message including the IP address of the EC2 instance which is serving up the webpage behind the load balancer.
If you refresh the page a few times, you should see that the IP address listed will change. This is because the load balancer is routing you to the other EC2 instance, validating that our simple webpage is being served from behind our ALB.
The final step Is to make sure you delete all of the resources you configured! Start by deleting the Auto Scaling Group – and ensure you delete your load balancer also – this will ensure you don’t incur any charges.
Architectural Diagram
Below, you’ll find the architectural diagram of what we have built.
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This post originally appeared on: https://digitalcloud.training/load-balancing-ec2-instances-in-an-autoscaling-group/
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There are significant protections provided to you natively when you are building your networking stack on AWS. This wide range of services and features can become difficult to manage, and becoming knowledgeable about what tools to use in which area can be challenging.
The two main security components which can be confused within VPC networking are the Security Group and the Network Access Control List (NACL). When you compare a Security Group vs NACL, you will find that although they are fairly similar in general, there is a distinct difference in the use cases for each of these security features.
In this blog post, we are going to explain the main differences between Security Group vs NACL and talk about the use cases and some best practices.
First of all, what do they have in common?
The main thing that is shared in common between a Security group vs a NACL is that they are both a firewall. So, what is a firewall?
Firewalls in computing monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Firewalls provide a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks. The network layer which we are talking about in this instance is an Amazon Virtual Private Cloud – aka a VPC.
In the AWS cloud, VPCs are on-demand pools of shared resources, designed to provide a certain degree of isolation between different organizations and different teams within an account.
First, let’s talk about the particulars of a Security Group.
Security Group Key Features
Where do they live?
Security groups are tied to an instance. This can be either an EC2 instance, ECS cluster or an RDS database instance – providing routing rules and acting as a firewall for the resources contained within the security group. With a security group, you have to purposely assign a security group to the instances – if you don’t want them to use the default security group.
The default security group allows all traffic outbound by default, but no inbound traffic.
This means any instances within the subnet group gets the rule applied.
Stateful or Stateless
Security groups are stateful in nature. As a result, any changes applicable to an incoming rule will also be automatically applied to the outgoing rule in the same way. For example, allowing an incoming port 80 will automatically open the outgoing port 80 – without you having to explicitly direct traffic in the opposite direction.
Allow or Deny Rules
The only rule set that can be used in security groups is the Allow rule set. Thus, You cannot backlist a certain IP address from establishing a connection with any instances within your security group. This would have to be achieved using a different technology.
Limits
Instance can have multiple security groups. By default, AWS will let you apply up to five security groups to a virtual network interface, but it is possible to use up to 16 if you submit a limit increase request.
Additionally, you can have 60 inbound and 60 outbound rules per security group (for a total of 120 rules). IPv4 rules are enforced separately from IPv6 rules; a security group, for example, may have 60 IPv4 rules and 60 IPv6 rules.
Network Access Control Lists (NACLS)
Now let’s compare the Security Group vs NACLs using the same criteria.
Where do they live?
Network ACLs exist on an interact at the subnet level, so any instance in the subnet with an associated NACL will automatically follow the rules of the NACL.
Stateful or Stateless
Network ACLs are stateless. Consequently, any changes made to an incoming rule will not be reflected in an outgoing rule. For example, if you allow an incoming port 80, you would also need to apply the rule for outgoing traffic.
Allow or Deny Rules
Unlike a Security Group, NACLs support both allow and deny rules. By deny rules, you could explicitly deny a certain IP address to establish a connection; e.g. to block a specific known malicious IP address from establishing a connection to an EC2 Instance.
Limits
Subnet can have only one NACL. However, you can associate one network ACL to one or more subnets within a VPC. By default, you can have up to 200 unique NACLs within a VPC, however this is a soft limit that is adjustable.
Secondly, you can have 20 inbound and 20 outbound rules per NACL (for a total of 40 rules). IPv4 rules are enforced separately from IPv6 rules. A NACL, for example, may have 20 IPv4 rules and 20 IPv6 rules.
We hope that you now more keenly understand the difference between NACLs and security groups.
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Download AWS Solution Architect Associate Exam SAA-C03 Prep Quiz App for:
All Platforms (PWA) – Android – iOS – Windows 10 – Am